Clinical observation of nivolumab combined with cabozantinib in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Comparison of general information (mean ± SD)

Project	Observation group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	χ2/t	P value
Gender, n (%)
Male	21 (42.00)	28 (64.00)	1.961	0.161
Female	29 (58.00)	22 (36.00)
Age (years), mean ± SD	57.84 ± 6.37	56.49 ± 6.15	1.007	0.316
Hepatitis B virus positive, n (%)	45 (90.00)	47 (94.00)	0.543	0.461
Cirrhosis, n (%)	36 (72.00)	39 (78.00)	0.480	0.488
Tumor length (cm), n (%)
≥ 5	37 (74.00)	39 (78.00)	0.219	0.640
< 5	13 (26.00)	11 (22.00)
Multiple tumors, n (%)	7 (14.00)	9 (18.00)	0.298	0.585
TNM staging, n (%)
Stage I to II	19 (38.00)	15 (30.00)	0.713	0.398
Stage III	31 (62.00)	35 (70.00)
Child-Pugh liver function grade, n (%)
A-level	23 (46.00)	20 (40.00)	0.545	0.367
Class B	27 (54.00)	30 (60.00)
Physical activity status score, n (%)
0	29 (58.00)	32 (66.00)	0.378	0.539
1	21 (42.00)	18 (34.00)

Table 2 Comparison of clinical efficacy, n (%)

Group	CR	PR	SD	PD	ORR	DCR
Control group (n = 50)	0 (0.00)	8 (16.00)	10 (20.00)	30 (60.00)	8 (16.00)	18 (36.00)
Observation group (n = 50)	2 (4.00)	18 (34.00)	9 (18.00)	22 (44.00)	20 (40.00)	29 (58.00)
χ2	-	-	-	-	7.143	4.857
P value	-	-	-	-	0.008	0.028

CR: Complete response; PR: Partial response; SD: Disease stability; PD: Disease progression; ORR: Objective response rate; DCR: Disease control rate.

Table 3 Comparison of immune indicators (mean ± SD)

Group	CD3+ (%)		CD4+ (%)		CD8+ (%)		CD4+/CD8+ (%)
	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment
Control group (n = 50)	54.65 ± 4.32	58.16 ± 4.83	33.54 ± 3.98	38.09 ± 4.62	27.89 ± 3.65	25.16 ± 3.84	1.28 ± 0.51	1.63 ± 0.27
Observation group (n = 50)	54.02 ± 4.54	61.98 ± 5.16a	32.97 ± 4.08	40.65 ± 4.84a	28.06 ± 3.94	21.55 ± 3.17a	1.24 ± 0.49	1.92 ± 0.35a
t value	0.711	3.821	0.708	2.708	0.222	5.126	0.402	4.632
P value	0.478	< 0.001	0.481	0.008	0.825	< 0.001	0.688	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

Table 4 Comparison of tumor markers (mean ± SD)

Group	AFP (μg/L)		GP-73 (μg/L)		AFP-L3 (μg/L)
	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment	Before treatment	After treatment
Control group (n = 50)	84.61 ± 5.34	33.94 ± 6.24	89.17 ± 5.27	63.08 ± 6.62	151.99 ± 31.64	117.43 ± 34.94
Observation group (n = 50)	85.17 ± 5.18	17.49 ± 4.16a	90.82 ± 6.04	47.67 ± 6.15a	154.94 ± 30.48	81.43 ± 27.95a
t value	0.532	15.510	1.456	12.050	0.474	5.689
P value	0.596	< 0.001	0.149	< 0.001	0.636	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

Table 5 Comparison of liver and kidney function indicators (mean ± SD)

Group	Before treatment				After treatment
	Control group (n = 50)	Observation group (n = 50)	t value	P value	Control group (n = 50)	Observation group (n = 50)	t value	P value
TBIL (μmol/L)	22.07 ± 5.94	23.19 ± 6.05	0.933	0.353	18.74 ± 7.29	15.26 ± 6.02a	2.604	0.01
ALB (μmol/L)	36.56 ± 6.07	35.79 ± 6.18	0.628	0.532	35.29 ± 6.07	33.94 ± 6.67	1.059	0.292
ALT (μmol/L)	42.93 ± 7.85	41.05 ± 7.94	1.19	0.237	35.17 ± 8.93	26.88 ± 7.49a	5.03	< 0.001
AST (μmol/L)	59.41 ± 8.53	56.98 ± 9.04	1.383	0.17	50.87 ± 6.94	51.46 ± 6.53	0.438	0.662
Cr (μmol/L)	57.94 ± 11.97	57.04 ± 1 1.86	0.377	0.707	52.37 ± 6.94	51.86 ± 7.08	0.364	0.716
UA (μmol/L)	285. 67 ± 25.86	281.96 ± 32.45	0.632	0.529	273.49 ± 35.37	268.51 ± 30.46	0.755	0.452

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 6 Comparison of adverse reactions, n (%)

Group	Control group (n = 50)	Observation group (n = 50)	χ2	P value
Diarrhea	3 (6.00)	4 (8.00)	0.154	0.695
Loss of appetite	10 (20.00)	8 (16.00)	0.271	0.603
ALT elevation	11 (22.00)	8 (16.00)	0.585	0.444
Proteinuria	3 (6.00)	2 (4.00)	0.211	0.646
Hand-foot syndrome	1(2.00)	3 (6.00)	1.042	0.307