Multiple pseudoprogressions during ongoing immunotherapy-based treatment of advanced gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Characteristics of pseudoprogression in patients with gastrointestinal tumors during treatment

Ref.	Cancer type	Pathological type	Age	Treatment	Time of pseudoprogression occurrence	Location of pseudoprogression
Zhang et al[18]	Gastric cancer	Adenocarcinoma	65	Oripalimab + Apatinib	5 months	Postoperative recurrence of gastric cancer and continuous increase in the tumor near the pancreatic body
Satoyoshi et al[24]	Gastric cancer	Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma	85	Nivolumab	Three cycles of nivolumab (6 weeks later)	Enlargement of liver metastasis
Michalarea et al[23]	Gastric antrum	Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma	55	PD-1 Ab+ VEGFR2 Ab	2 cycles (8 weeks)	New nodal groups
Michalarea et al[23]	Gastric cancer	Adenocarcinoma	54	PD-1 Ab+ VEGFR2 Ab	2 cycles	New liver metastases
Michalarea et al[23]	Gastroesophageal cancer	Adenocarcinoma	64	PD-1 Ab+ VEGFR2 Ab	First imaging assessment	New liver metastases
Michalarea et al[23]	Gastroesophageal cancer	Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma	64	PD-1 Ab	2 cycles	New liver metastases
Michalarea et al[23]	Gastroesophageal cancer	Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma	61	PD-1 Ab	2 months of treatment	New carinal, pretracheal, and retroperitoneal
Michalarea et al[23]	Rectal cancer	Adenocarcinoma	31	PD-1 Ab + MEK inhibitor	6 months of treatment	The lung metastases relapsed
Tassinari et al[25]	Duodenal GIST	-	78	Imatinib	1 month	Metabolic progression of the liver lesion Enlarged right hepatic lobe surface metastasis and mesenteric metastasis, along with numerous new
Chae et al[26]	Colorectal cancer	Adenocarcinoma	61	PD-L1 Ab + OX40 agonist	Week ten	Liver metastases and new periportal lymphadenopathy
Hutchings et al[27]	Cecum cancer	Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma	70	Pembrolizumab	Two cycles of pembrolizumab	Postoperative recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the cecum