Retrospective analysis of pathological types and imaging features in pancreatic cancer: A comprehensive study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	Value
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.7 ± 11.3
Gender, n (%)
Male	270 (54)
Female	230 (46)
Presenting symptoms, n (%)
Abdominal pain	340 (68)
Weight loss	260 (52)
Jaundice	175 (35)
Nausea/vomiting	125 (25)
Diabetes mellitus (new onset)	75 (15)

Table 2 Distribution of pathological types

Pathological type	Cases	Percentage
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	320	64%
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms	75	15%
Neuroendocrine tumors	50	10%
Other rare types	55	11%
Acinar cell carcinoma	20	4%
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm	15	3%
Mucinous cystic neoplasm	12	2.4%
Pancreatoblastoma	5	1%
Miscellaneous	3	0.6%

Table 3 Imaging features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Imaging feature	Percentage	Number of cases
Hypodense mass on CT	92%	294
Hypointense on T1-weighted MRI	95%	304
Ill-defined borders	85%	272
Pancreatic duct dilatation	78%	250
Hypoenhancement in all phases	88%	282
Vascular invasion	45%	144
Lymph node involvement	60%	192
Hypoechoic mass with irregular margins on EUS	90%	288

CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound.

Table 4 Imaging features of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

Imaging feature	Percentage	Number of cases
Cystic lesions communicating with pancreatic duct	100%	75
Mural nodules	60%	45
Main pancreatic duct dilatation	65%	49
Enhancement of mural nodules on contrast-enhanced CT/MRI	55%	41

CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 5 Imaging features of neuroendocrine tumors

Imaging feature	Percentage	Number of cases
Hyperenhancement in the arterial phase	80%	40
Well-defined borders	90%	45
Heterogeneous enhancement in larger tumors (> 2 cm)	60%	30
Calcifications	25%	12
Hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI	85%	42
Restricted diffusion on MRI	90%	45

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 6 Association between imaging features and pathological types

Imaging feature	PDAC	IPMN	NET	P value
Ill-defined borders	85%	10%	10%	< 0.001
Hypoenhancement	88%	5%	15%	< 0.001
Cystic components	15%	100%	10%	< 0.001
Arterial hyperenhancement	5%	15%	80%	< 0.001
Pancreatic duct dilatation	78%	65%	15%	< 0.001

PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms; NET: Neuroendocrine tumors.

Table 7 Interobserver agreement for imaging features

Imaging feature	Agreement measure	Value	95%CI
Tumor size	ICC	0.92	0.90-0.94
Tumor margin	κ	0.85	0.81-0.89
Enhancement pattern	κ	0.79	0.75-0.83
Vascular invasion	κ	0.88	0.84-0.92
Lymph node involvement	κ	0.82	0.78-0.86

ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; CI: Confidence interval.