Survival disparities among racial groups with hepatic malignant tumors

Table 1 Demographic information on 123558 patients with hepatic malignant tumors, n (%)

Classification	Asian	Black people	White people
n	21078 (17.06)	14810 (11.99)	87670 (70.95)
Age (yr)
0-44	1245 (5.9)	679 (4.5)	2973 (3.3)
45-59	5751 (27.2)	5345 (36.0)	26301 (30.0)
60-75	8951 (42.4)	7099 (47.9)	37834 (43.1)
> 75	5131 (24.3)	1687 (11.3)	20562 (23.4)
Sex
Male	14963 (70.9)	11159 (75.3)	65115 (74.2)
Female	6115 (29.0)	3651 (24.6)	22555 (25.7)

Table 2 Clinicopathologic characteristics and univariate analysis of 123558 patients with hepatic malignant tumors, n (%)

Classification	Asian	Asian, median survival time (months)	Black people	Black people, median survival time (months)	White people	White people, median survival time (months)
Age (yr)
0-44	1245 (5.9)	13.0	679 (4.5)	9.0	2973 (3.3)	33.0
45-59	5751 (27.2)	12.0	5345 (36.0)	6.0	26301 (30.0)	10.0
60-75	8951 (42.4)	16.0	7099 (47.9)	8.0	37834 (43.1)	10.0
> 75	5131 (24.3)	7.0	1687 (11.3)	3.0	20562 (23.4)	4.0
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Sex
Male	14963 (70.9)	12.0	11159 (75.3)	6.0	65115 (74.2)	8.0
Female	6115 (29.0)	13.0	3651 (24.6)	9.0	22555 (25.7)	9.0
P value (K-M univariate)	> 0.05		< 0.001		< 0.05
Pathology
Hepatocellular carcinoma	19326 (91.6)	13.0	13213 (89.2)	7.0	75424 (86.0)	9.0
Cholangiocarcinoma of the liver	250 (1.1)	7.0	222 (1.4)	6.0	2201 (2.5)	6.0
Mixed hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma	124 (0.5)	10.0	85 (0.5)	5.0	606 (0.6)	8.0
Neuroendocrine tumor	49 (0.2)	6.0	82 (0.5)	25.0	450 (0.5)	15.0
Hepatoblastoma	145 (0.6)	41.0	87 (0.5)	91.0	719 (0.8)	43.0
Others	315 (1.4)	8.0	163 (1.1)	3.0	1354 (1.5)	4.0
NA	869 (4.1)		958 (6.4)		6916 (7.8)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
T staging
T1	4963 (23.5)	33.0	3000 (20.2)	17.0	19024 (21.6)	18.0
T2	2302 (10.9)	29.0	1566 (10.5)	15.0	9722 (11.0)	18.0
T3	2943 (13.9)	4.0	2123 (14.3)	4.0	10180 (11.6)	4.0
T4	595 (2.8)	3.0	436 (2.9)	2.0	1807 (2.0)	3.0
NA	10275 (48.7)		7685 (51.8)		46937 (53.5)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
N staging
N0	9946 (47.1)	19.0	6642 (44.8)	9.0	37326 (42.5)	13.0
N1	665 (3.1)	3.0	724 (4.8)	3.0	3614 (4.1)	3.0
NA	10467 (49.6)		7444 (50.2)		46730 (53.3)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
M staging
M0	9612 (45.6)	22.0	6392 (43.1)	11.0	36729 (41.8)	14.0
M1	1791 (8.4)	2.0	1512 (10.2)	2.0	7651 (8.7)	2.0
NA	9675 (45.9)		6906 (46.6)		43290 (49.3)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Surgical
Yes	6090 (28.8)	64.0	1589 (10.7)	55.0	18620 (21.2)	53.0
No	14988 (71.1)	6.0	11490 (77.5)	4.0	69050 (78.7)	5.0
NA	0		1731 (11.6)		0
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Radiotherapy
Yes	1438 (6.8)	16.0	1264 (8.5)	13.0	7436 (8.4)	14.0
No	19640 (93.1)	11.0	13546 (91.4)	6.0	80234 (91.5)	8.0
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Chemotherapy
Yes	7267 (34.4)	20.0	4721 (31.8)	15.0	28633 (32.6)	17.0
No	13811 (65.5)	7.0	10089 (68.1)	4.0	59037 (67.3)	4.0
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
AFP
Negative	2547 (12.0)	42.0	1233 (8.3)	26.0	11215 (12.7)	27.0
Positive	6239 (29.5)	12.0	5380 (36.3)	8.0	24710 (28.1)	9.0
NA	12292 (58.3)		8197 (55.3)		51745 (59.0)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Liver fibrosis (Ishak)
0-4	876 (4.1)	46.0	436 (2.9)	21.0	1962 (2.2)	28.0
5-6	2219 (10.5)	28.0	1460 (9.8)	16.0	10096 (11.5)	19.0
NA	17983 (85.3)		12914 (87.1)		75612 (86.2)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Tumor size
0-2.5 cm	1214 (5.7)	65.0	800 (5.4)	33.0	8441 (9.6)	36.0
2.5-5 cm	4043 (19.1)	35.0	2575 (17.3)	18.0	13228 (15.0)	18.0
5-10 cm	3246 (15.3)	9.0	2040 (13.7)	6.0	11794 (13.4)	6.0
> 10 cm	1940 (9.2)	4.0	1204 (8.1)	3.0	5654 (6.4)	4.0
NA	10635 (50.4)		8191 (55.3)		48553 (55.3)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Number of tumors
1	18314 (86.8)	11.0	12632 (85.2)	6.0	72771 (83.0)	8.0
2	2360 (11.1)	25.0	1853 (12.5)	13.0	12166 (13.8)	13.0
≥ 3	404 (1.9)	34.0	325 (2.1)	22.0	2733 (3.1)	17.0
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Average annual income ($)
0-44999	316 (1.4)	6.0	2137 (14.4)	5.0	6387 (7.2)	6.0
45000-54999	1062 (5.0)	6.0	2293 (15.4)	6.0	13412 (15.2)	7.0
55000-64999	4486 (21.2)	10.0	3985 (26.9)	7.0	21389 (24.3)	8.0
65000-74999	4164 (19.7)	11.0	3146 (21.2)	7.0	21735 (24.7)	9.0
≥ 75000	11047 (52.4)	15.0	3249 (21.9)	9.0	24724 (28.2)	10.0
NA	3 (0.1)		0		23 (0.1)
P value (K-M univariate)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001

NA: Not available; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.

Table 3 Cox regression analysis of Asian with hepatic malignant tumors

Classification	B	SE	Z	P value	HR (95%CI)
T
1	Ref.
2	0.229	0.081	2.807	0.005	1.26 (1.07, 1.47)
3	0.944	0.103	9.126	< 0.001	2.57 (2.1, 3.15)
4	1.688	0.161	10.464	< 0.001	5.41 (3.94, 7.42)
M	0.738	0.130	5.692	< 0.001	2.09 (1.62, 2.7)
Surgical	-1.204	0.083	-14.509	< 0.001	0.3 (0.26, 0.35)
Radiotherapy	-0.366	0.117	-3.137	0.002	0.69 (0.55, 0.87)
Chemotherapy	-0.616	0.069	-8.867	< 0.001	0.54 (0.47, 0.62)
AFP	0.298	0.075	3.996	< 0.001	1.35 (1.16, 1.56)
Liver fibrosis	0.172	0.079	2.171	0.03	1.19 (1.02, 1.39)
Tumor size
0-2.5 cm	Ref.
2.5-5 cm	0.398	0.105	3.810	< 0.001	1.49 (1.21, 1.83)
5-10 cm	0.644	0.128	5.046	< 0.001	1.9 (1.48, 2.45)
> 10 cm	0.975	0.149	6.526	< 0.001	2.65 (1.98, 3.55)

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio.

Table 4 Cox regression analysis of black people with hepatic malignant tumors

Classification	B	SE	Z	P value	HR (95%CI)
T
1	Ref.
2	0.402	0.108	3.706	< 0.001	1.49 (1.21, 1.85)
3	0.389	0.150	2.594	0.009	1.47 (1.1, 1.98)
4	1.152	0.234	4.926	< 0.001	3.16 (2, 5.01)
M	0.784	0.145	5.404	< 0.001	2.19 (1.65, 2.91)
Surgical	1.344	0.135	9.983	< 0.001	3.84 (2.95, 4.99)
Chemotherapy	0.606	0.090	6.692	< 0.001	1.83 (1.53, 2.19)
AFP	0.373	0.124	3.024	0.002	1.45 (1.14, 1.85)
Tumor size
0-2.5 cm	Ref.
2.5-5 cm	0.52	0.139	3.734	< 0.001	1.68 (1.28, 2.21)
5-10 cm	0.788	0.180	4.366	< 0.001	2.2 (1.54, 3.13)
> 10 cm	1.498	0.210	7.150	< 0.001	4.47 (2.97, 6.75)
Average annual income ($)
0-44999	Ref.
45000-54999	-0.236	0.164	-1.440	0.15	0.79 (0.57, 1.09)
55000-64999	-0.416	0.143	-2.911	0.004	0.66 (0.5, 0.87)
65000-74999	-0.342	0.172	-1.985	0.047	0.71 (0.51, 1)
≥ 75000	-0.54	0.148	-3.651	< 0.001	0.58 (0.44, 0.78)

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio.

Table 5 Cox regression analysis of white people with hepatic malignant tumors

Classification	B	SE	Z	P value	HR (95%CI)
Age (yr)
0-44	Ref.
45-59	0.49	0.141	3.482	< 0.001	1.63 (1.24, 2.15)
60-74	0.556	0.140	3.974	< 0.001	1.74 (1.33, 2.29)
≥ 75	0.876	0.144	6.065	< 0.001	2.4 (1.81, 3.19)
T
1	Ref.
2	0.242	0.038	6.365	< 0.001	1.27 (1.18, 1.37)
3	0.571	0.051	11.179	< 0.001	1.77 (1.6, 1.96)
4	0.535	0.110	4.873	< 0.001	1.71 (1.38, 2.12)
N	0.407	0.068	6.003	< 0.001	1.5 (1.32, 1.72)
M	0.598	0.061	9.813	< 0.001	1.82 (1.61, 2.05)
Surgical	-1.184	0.041	-28.579	< 0.001	0.31 (0.28, 0.33)
Radiotherapy	0.378	0.054	7.012	< 0.001	1.46 (1.31, 1.62)
Chemotherapy	0.651	0.034	19.351	< 0.001	1.92 (1.8, 2.05)
AFP	0.273	0.035	7.785	< 0.001	1.31 (1.23, 1.41)
Liver fibrosis	0.273	0.048	5.669	< 0.001	1.31 (1.2, 1.44)
Tumor size
0-2.5 cm	Ref.
2-5 cm	0.397	0.040	9.878	< 0.001	1.49 (1.37, 1.61)
5-10 cm	0.679	0.054	12.494	< 0.001	1.97 (1.77, 2.19)
> 10 cm	0.935	0.071	13.108	< 0.001	2.55 (2.22, 2.93)
Average annual income ($)
0-44999	Ref.
45000-54999	-0.048	0.072	-0.668	0.504	0.95 (0.83, 1.1)
55000-64999	-0.235	0.068	-3.447	0.001	0.79 (0.69, 0.9)
65000-74999	-0.181	0.070	-2.571	0.01	0.83 (0.73, 0.96)
≥ 75000	-0.221	0.068	-3.252	0.001	0.8 (0.7, 0.92)

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio.