N-glycan biosignatures as a potential diagnostic biomarker for early-stage pancreatic cancer

Table 1 Patient demographics and clinical characteristics of the study cohort

Characteristics	PDAC (n = 93)	Non-PDAC (n = 64)	Control (n = 88)
Men, n (%)	59 (63.4)	35 (54.7)	38 (43.2)
Women, n (%)	34 (36.6)	29 (45.3)	50 (56.8)
Age (yr)	64 (54.74)	54 (40.68)	57 (43, 71)
CEA, n (%)	93 (100)	64 (100)	82 (93.18)
CA19-9, n (%)	93 (100)	64 (100)	69 (78.41)
CA125, n (%)	93 (100)	63 (98.44)	42 (47.73)
CA242, n (%)	93 (100)	63 (98.33)	0 (0.00)
CA724, n (%)	93 (100)	63 (98.44)	0 (0.00)
AFP, n (%)	93 (100)	64 (100)	82 (93.18)
Stage I, n (%)	29 (31.18)	-	-
Stage II, n (%)	22 (23.66)	-	-
Stage III, n (%)	4 (4.30)	-	-
Stage IV, n (%)	16 (17.20)	-	-
Unknown, n (%)	22 (23.66)	-	-

PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9.

Table 2 Diagnostic performance of N-glycans, tumor markers in distinguishing patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Biomarker	AUC	Cut-off	Sensitivity	Specificity
N-glycan	0.86	0.28	84.90%	73.00%
CA19-9	0.75	37	55.91%	95.49%
CEA	0.72	5.0	22.58%	100.00%
CA125	0.76	35	32.26%	98.10%
CA242	0.67	30	30.11%	98.41%
CA724	0.56	6.9	20.43%	87.30%

AUC: Area under the curve; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9.

Table 3 Sensitivity of the Glyco-model in detecting patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of different stages

Subgroup	Sensitivity
Overall	84.95% (79/93)
Stage I	89.66% (26/29)
Stage II	77.27% (17/22)
Stage III & IV	90.00% (18/20)
Unknown	81.82% (18/22)

Table 4 Sensitivity of the N-glycan model in non-pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma individuals

Subgroup	Specificity
Overall	73.03% (111/152)
Healthy	79.55% (70/88)
SPN	83.33% (10/12)
PNET	50.00% (5/10)
SCN	91.67% (11/12)
IPMN	50.00% (13/26)
MCN	50.00% (2/4)

SPN: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm; PNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; SCN: Serous cyst adenoma; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MCN: Mucinous cyst neoplasm.

Table 5 The positivity rate of Glyco-model among patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with tumor markers-negative

Tumor marker negative	Glyco-model positivity rate
CEA ≤ 5 (72)	87.50% (63/72)
CA19-9 ≤ 37 (41)	82.93% (34/41)
CA125 ≤ 35 (63)	88.89% (56/63)
CA242 ≤ 30 (65)	83.08% (54/65)
CA724 ≤ 6.9 (74)	86.49% (64/74)

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9.