Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis

Table 1 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways

Target gene	Signaling pathways	Transcription factor	Intervention
Intracellular AGR2[41]	KDELR-Gs-PKA	Upregulates the expression of Snail and Slug	AGR2 upregulation mediated by the PGE2-EP4-PI3k-AKT
Depletion of DRD2[42]	β-catenin	Zeb1	A DRD2 antagonist, pimozide
DKK1[43]	Wnt/β-catenin	S1004 (transcriptional cross-regulation)	Expression of S1004 downregulates DKK1
BEX2[44]	Hedgehog	Zic2	Negatively modulated by Zic2 retention
PLK4[45]	Wnt/β-catenin	N-cadherin and snail	Knockdown decreases the levels of EMT-associated factors
FRA1[46]	RAS-ERK and TGFβ
	c-MYC[47]
SIRT1[48]		Snail
	STAT3[49]	Snail and slug	/

EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.