Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Dec 15, 2024; 16(12): 4625-4635
Published online Dec 15, 2024. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i12.4625
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics
Parameter
HCC cases (n = 1352)
Non-HCC controls (n = 4065)
P value
Sex (Male), n (%)969 (71.7)2598 (63.9)< 0.001
Age 56 (50, 62)54 (46, 62)< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)255 (18.9)727 (17.9)0.419
Diabetes, n (%)321 (23.7)860 (21.2)0.046
Coronary disease, n (%)35 (2.6)154 (3.8)0.037
Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)243 (18.0)978 (24.1)< 0.001
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)219 (16.2)633 (15.6)0.584
Decompensated cirrhosis, n (%)999 (73.9)3150 (77.5)0.007
Child-Pugh grade A, n (%)430 (32.6)1162 (29.5)0.003
Child-Pugh grade B, n (%)648 (49.1)1893 (48.0)
Child-Push grade C, n (%)241 (18.3)890 (22.6)
HBV, n (%)372 (27.5)889 (21.9)< 0.001
HCV, n (%)93 (6.9)261 (6.4)
AC, n (%)261 (19.3)1013 (24.9)
MASLD, n (%)9 (0.7)42 (1.0)
PBC, n (%)72 (5.3)398 (9.8)
Drug-induced cirrhosis, n (%)12 (0.9)54 (1.3)
Cryptogenic cirrhosis, n (%)387 (28.6)1072 (26.4)
Mixed cirrhosis, n (%)146 (10.8)336 (8.3)
ALT (U/L)31.1 (21.2, 53.1)27.0 (18.2, 47.5)< 0.001
AST (U/L)47.7 (31.7, 77.4)44 (29.1, 79.9)< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)31.2 (27.4, 34.6)30.7 (26.8, 34.8)0.106
Globin (g/L)31.6 (26.5, 37.1)31.3 (25.7, 38.0)0.268
INR1.27 (1.12, 1.45)1.32 (1.16, 1.54)0.002
Prothrombin time (S)14.2 (12.6, 16.3)14.8 (13.0, 17.4)0.017
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)11.0 (6.3, 19.2)12.7 (6.6, 33.6)0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)0.81 (0.62, 1.11)0.89 (0.67, 1.26)< 0.001
Platelets (× 109/L)78 (54, 109)80 (54, 118)0.096
γ-GT (U/L)50.1 (26.0, 119.8)53.7 (25.4, 143.8)0.157
AFP (ng/mL)4.64 (2.60, 10.35)3.36 (2.02, 6.26)< 0.001
CA19-9 (U/mL)26.72 (13.76, 48.40)25.00 (11.93, 52.82)0.070
Neutrophils (× 109/L)2.30 (1.59, 3.44)2.43 (1.59, 3.76)0.024
Serum ammonia (μg/dL)73 (51, 95)67 (46, 95)< 0.001
MELD8 (4, 12)10 (5, 15)< 0.001
Table 2 Hepatocarcinogenesis hazard ratio in Cox and competing risk regression analysis
Parameter
Univariate Cox regression analysis
Multivariable Cox regression analysis
Multivariable competitive risk regression analysis
aHR (95%CI)
P value
aHR (95%CI)
P value
aHR (95%CI)
P value
Age1.023 (1.018-1.027)< 0.0011.029 (1.024-1.034)< 0.0011.025 (1.020-1.030)< 0.001
Sex (male)1.321 (1.174-1.487)< 0.0011.537 (1.359-1.738)< 0.0011.482 (1.313-1.673)< 0.001
Diabetes1.155 (1.019-1.309)0.025
Hypertension1.128 (0.984-1.292)0.084
Coronary disease0.951 (0.680-1.330)0.769
HBV1.801 (1.602-2.025)< 0.0011.963 (1.742-2.211)< 0.0011.950 (1.734-2.193)< 0.001
HCV1.837 (1.352-1.981)< 0.0011.567 (1.293-1.900)< 0.0011.533 (1.274-1.846)< 0.001
HBV and HCV2.062 (1.068-3.980)0.0312.456 (1.270-4.747)0.0082.074 (1.038-4.143)0.039
Decompensation1.146 (1.015-1.295)0.028
ALT1.000 (1.000-1.000)0.974
AST1.000 (1.000-1.000)0.815
Albumin0.976 (0.967-0.985)< 0.0010.986 (0.977-0.995)0.0020.995 (0.987-1.005)0.381
Globulin1.017 (1.010-1.023)< 0.0011.016 (1.009-1.023)< 0.0011.012 (1.005-1.019)< 0.001
INR1.271 (1.084-1.490)0.003
Prothrombin time1.016 (1.002-1.031)0.024
Direct bilirubin1.000 (0.999-1.001)0.943
Triglycerides0.854 (0.776-0.939)0.001
Hemoglobin1.004 (1.002-1.006)< 0.001
γ-GT1.000 (0.999-1.000)0.075
AFP1.000 (1.000-1.001)0.543
CA19-91.000 (0.999-1.001)0.713
Platelets0.999 (0.998-1.000)0.0170.999 (0.998-1.000)0.0150.998 (0.998-1.000)0.011
Neutrophils0.998 (0.976-1.020)0.829
Serum ammonia1.002 (1.001-1.003)0.0041.002 (1.001-1.003)0.0031.002 (1.001-1.003)< 0.001
MELD0.999 (0.990-1.008)0.843