Constructing a nomogram to predict overall survival of colon cancer based on computed tomography characteristics and clinicopathological factors

Table 1 Computed tomography imaging characteristics and clinicopathological characteristics of the training and testing sets of colon cancer patients

Variable	Overall (n = 249)		Train (n = 125)		Test (n = 124)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Female	153	61.4	77	61.6	76	61.3
Male	96	38.6	48	38.4	48	38.7
Age (years)
≤ 35	11	4.4	6	4.8	5	4.0
36-59	105	42.2	50	42.4	52	41.9
60-74	107	43.0	53	40.0	57	46.0
≥ 75	26	10.4	16	12.8	10	8.1
Tumor_location
Ascending colon	108	43.4	59	47.2	49	39.5
Transverse colon	20	8.0	10	8.0	10	8.1
Descending colon	32	12.9	11	8.8	21	16.9
Sigmoid colon	89	35.7	45	36.0	44	35.5
rT
T1	4	1.6	3	2.4	1	0.8
T2	18	7.2	11	8.8	7	5.6
T3	107	43.0	52	41.6	55	44.4
T4	120	48.2	59	47.2	61	49.2
ctLNM
(-)	173	69.5	86	68.8	87	70.2
(+)	76	30.5	39	31.2	37	29.8
ctEMVI
(-)	142	57.0	70	56.0	72	58.1
(+)	107	43.0	55	44.0	52	41.9
pT
T1	9	3.6	4	3.2	5	4.0
T2	16	6.4	9	7.2	7	5.6
T3	177	71.1	85	68.0	92	74.2
T4	47	18.9	27	21.6	20	16.1
pN
N0	142	57.0	74	59.2	68	54.8
N1	74	29.7	34	27.2	40	32.3
N2	33	13.3	17	13.6	16	12.9
MLN-number
0	156	62.7	83	66.4	973	58.9
1-3	60	24.1	25	20.0	35	28.2
4-6	13	5.2	6	4.8	7	5.6
≥ 7	20	8.0	11	8.8	9	7.3
MLN_partition
No MLN	156	62.7	83	66.4	73	58.9
N1	5	2.0	2	1.6	3	2.4
N2	81	32.5	36	28.8	45	36.3
N3	7	2.8	4	3.2	3	2.4
LVI
(-)	166	66.7	83	66.4	83	66.9
(+)	83	33.3	42	33.6	41	33.1
Vessel
(-)	160	64.3	80	64.0	80	64.5
(+)	89	35.7	45	36.0	44	35.5
Perineural
(-)	203	81.5	101	80.8	102	82.3
(+)	46	18.5	24	19.2	22	17.7
Tumor classification
Mucinous carcinoma	25	10.0	18	14.4	7	5.6
Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma	33	13.3	18	14.4	15	12.1
Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma	174	69.9	80	64.0	94	75.8
Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma	17	6.8	9	7.2	8	6.5

rT: Imaging T staging; pT, pN: Pathological T, N staging; MLN_partition: Lymph node metastasis area on computed tomography scan; MLN-number: Number of lymph node metastases on pathology; ctLNM: Whether lymph nodes are metastatic on imaging; ctEMVI: Detection of extramural venous invasion on computed tomography scan; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival in the training set

Variable	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Sex
Female	0.911	0.448-1.853	0.796
Age (years)	1.070	0.879-1.303	0.498
Tumor_location
Transverse colon	0.929	0.274-3.155	0.906
Descending colon	0.931	0.274-3.162	0.909
Sigmoid colon	0.638	0.286-1.421	0.271
Length	1.035	0.924-1.160	0.556
rT	3.428	1.690-6.954	< 0.001b
Thickness	1.124	0.943-1.341	0.191
ctLNM
(+)	4.165	2.082-8.333	< 0.001b	3.439	1.698-6.963	< 0.001b
ctEMVI
(+)	3.541	1.684-7.446	< 0.001b
pT	2.702	1.454-5.021	0.002a
pN	3.016	1.975-4.606	< 0.001b
MLN_number	2.106	1.583-2.802	< 0.001b
MLN_partition	1.738	1.267-2.385	< 0.001b
LVI
(+)	2.204	1.113-4.366	0.023a
Vessel
(+)	2.251	1.136-4.459	0.020a
Perineural
(+)	5.224	2.619-10.420	< 0.001b	4.341	2.129-8.849	< 0.001b
Tumor classification	0.466	0.323-0.671	< 0.001b	0.450	0.300-0.675	< 0.001b
N	0.936	0.869-1.008
A	0.978	0.950-1.006
V	1.005	0.978-1.033
AER	0.637	0.199-2.041
VER	2.601	0.946-7.152

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; N: Tumor unenhanced value; A: Tumor arterial value; V: Tumor venous value; AER: Arterial enhancement rate; VER: Venous enhancement rate; ctLNM: Whether lymph nodes are metastatic on imaging; ctEMVI: Detection of extramural venous invasion on computed tomography scan.