Stereotactic radiotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Table 1 Summary of published studies of stereotactic body radiotherapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	Country	Design	Patient characteristics (reason for inoperability)	Total patients	No. iCCA (%)	Median follow-up/months (range)	Outcomes (1 yr)1			Major side effects (CTC > 3)
							Local control (%)	Progression free survival (%)	Overall survival (%)
Shen et al[46], 2017	China	Retrospective	Unresectable: (1) 7/28 Medical; (2) 16/28 Technical; and (3) 5/28 Advanced age	28	28 (100)	16 (3-42)	89.3	50.0	57.1	0
Liu et al[47], 2017	Taiwan	Retrospective	Unresectable: (1) Medical 3/15; and (2) Surgical 12/15	15	12 (80)	29.0	48.5	-	50.3	0
Thuehøj et al[48], 2022	Denmark	Retrospective	Unresectable, locally advanced	41	15 (37)	9.5 (0-66.5)	85.4	31.7	48.8	-
Tao et al[49], 2016	United States	Retrospective	Unresectable, locally advanced	79	79 (100)	24 (4-33)	81.0	91.0	87.0	0
Tse et al[51], 2008	Canada	Prospective, phase I	Unresectable, locally advanced (includes HCC)	41	10 (24)	17.6 (range 10.8-39.2)	65.0 (all patients)	-	58.0	0
Mahadevan et al[52], 2015	United States	Retrospective	Unresectable: (1) Medical 3/34; and (2) Surgical 29/34. R1 Resection: 2/34	34	31 (91)	38 (8-71)	88.0	-	58.0	0
Barney et al[53], 2012	United States	Retrospective	Unresectable: 6/12 lesions. Recurrent: 6/12 lesions	10	6 (60)	14 (2-26)	100%	-	KM 73.0%	0
Brunner et al[54], 2019	Germany and Switzerland	Retrospective, multicentre	Unresectable, unclear reasons	64	41/82 lesions (50%)	35 (7-91) for survivors	89	-	81	0
Weiner et al[55], 2016	United States	Prospective, phase I	Unresectable, locally advanced (includes HCC)	26	14 (54) including 2 biphenotypic ICCA and HCC	8.8 (0.3-33)	91 (all patients)	68	51	Grade IV lymphopenia-1 patient; Grade V hepatic failure-2 patients
Kozak et al[56], 2020	United States	Retrospective	Unresectable disease	40	26 (63)	18 (1-100)	70 (all patients)	-	66 (all patients)	0
Sebastian et al[59], 2019	United States	Retrospective, population database study, comparative study between SABR, TARE and CRT	Unresected, locally advanced disease	27-SABR; 52-CRT; TARE-60	141 (100%)	17	-	-	Propensity matched hazard ratio of overall survival for SABR vs CRT-0.22; vs TARE 0.58	Not reported
Jung et al[60], 2014	South Korea	Retrospective	Unresectable and recurrent disease after surgery	28-Unresectable; 30-Recurrent	33 (57)	10 (1-97)	Unresectable-76; Recurrent-91	Overall-26	Unresectable-29; Recurrent-53	2-Cholangitis; 1-Gastric perforation
Franzese et al[61], 2020	Italy	Retrospective	49/51 (96%) Recurrent metastatic disease after surgical resection	51 (includes GB adenoCa)	34 (66)-iCCA and eCCA grouped together	14 (3-95)	74.7	32.8	63.2	0
Ibarra et al[62], 2012	United States	Retrospective	Unresectable disease	21-HCC; 11-iCCA	11 (34)	7.8 (1.4-17.9)	55.5	-	45	0

¹Survival and control figures are for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma subgroup unless otherwise specified.

iCCA: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; CTC: Common toxicity criteria; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; SBRT: Stereotactic body radiotherapy; TARE: Trans-arterial radio-embolization; GB adenoCa: Gallbladder adenocarcinoma; eCCA: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.