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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Dec 15, 2021; 13(12): 1956-1980
Published online Dec 15, 2021. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.1956
Published online Dec 15, 2021. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.1956
Table 1 Studies on cholangiocarcinoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
| Ref. | Country | Type of study | Patients | Follow up time | Results | Limitations |
| Jussila et al[30], 2013 | Finland | Population-based study | 21964 IBD vs general population | Mean 10.8 yr | Biliary Ca UC (SIR 7.26, 95%CI: 4.37-11.1); CD (SIR 4.93, 95%CI: 1.02-14.4) | Patients diagnosed in 1987-1993 and 2000-2007 were only included |
| Kappelman et al[35], 2014 | Denmark | Population-based cohort | 13756 CD, 35152 UC vs general population | CD 7.6 yr, UC 7.8 yr | CD: GBC-biliary Ca (SIR 2.4, 95%CI: 1.1-4.5); UC: liver Ca (SIR 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.2) GBC (SIR 2.5, 95%CI: 1.8-3.5), IBD-PSC: Liver Ca 80.0 (95%CI: 32.1-164.8), GBC 129.1 (95%CI: 47.4-281.5), IBD-non-PSC: Liver Ca 1.3 (95%CI: 0.9-1.9), GBC 2.1 (1.4-3.0) | Exclusion of patients with very mild disease, no inpatient encounters prior to 1995 |
| Ananthakrishnan et al[43], 2014 | United States | Multi-institutional IBD cohort of IBD | 5506 CD 5522 UC 224 IBD-PSC | NA | CCA in IBD-PSC patient (OR 55.31, 95%CI: 22.20-137.80) compared to IBD non-PSC patients | PSC diagnosis was predicted with a model. Did not separately examine the risk of large-duct over small-duct PSC |
| Bernstein et al[39], 2001 | Canada | Population-based study | 2857 CD and 2672 UC patients vs with non-IBD (1:10) | 14 yr | Liver and biliary Ca: CD (IRR 5.22; 95%CI: 0.96-28.5, P = 0.06), UC (IRR 3.96; 95%CI: 1.05-14.9) | Low percentage of the patients received IMMs |
| Sørensen et al[25], 2018 | Denmark | Population-based study | 222 PSC-IBD patients vs 8.231 IBD controls | PSC-IBD 7.4 yr, non-PSC IBD 8.4 yr | CCA PSC-IBD (HR; 190; 95%CI: 54.8-660) | Small number of PSC-IBD patients. Small duct PSC (8%) were included |
| Scharl et al[7], 2019 | Cohort study (IBD-Ca vs IBD-no Ca) | 3119 IBD patients | 5 yr | IBD Biliary Ca (SIR 6.3, 95%CI: 1.27-18.41) | Did not compute multivariate regression for Ca subtypes, IBD phenotypes |
Table 2 Studies on cervical neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
| Ref. | Country | Type of study | Patients | Results | Limitations |
| Connell et al[91], 1994 | United Kingdom | Single centre-registry study, Prospective (1962-1991) | 755 IBD patients taking AZA | CC: SIR 4.00 | Small power of the study to detect an increased risk (expected 0.5). No variables analysed |
| Bhatia et al[110], 2006 | United States | Single centre-cohort study, Retrospective | 116 IBD patients 116 age-matched healthy controls | Abnormal Pap smears: 18% vs 5%; P = 0.004. Non association with IBD type or treatment exposure | Inter-observer variability in the smear interpretation. Recall bias (questionnaires) |
| Kane et al[111], 2008 | United States | Single centre-cohort study (2004-2005) | 8 UC; 32 CD. 120 controls (age, race, parity-matched). 58% exposed to ≥ 1 treatment (prednisone, AZA, 6-MP and/or IFX) | Abnormal Pap smear 42.5% IBD vs 7% controls; OR 3.4 (95%CI: 1.7-12.1, aP < 0.001), low-grade lesions OR 2.2 (95%CI: 1.7-4.4, aP < 0.001), high-grade lesions OR 3.1 (95%CI: 1.3-8.7, aP < 0.001). Exposed vs non-exposed: Abnormal Pap smear OR 1.5 (95%CI: 1.2-7.1, bP = 0.02), High-grade lesions OR 6.5 (95%CI: 1.43-30.1, bP < 0.05), IMMs > 6 mo OR 1.9 (1.1-12.1, bP < 0.001) | Small population study. Level of immune suppression not assessed |
| Hutfless et al[112], 2008 | United States | Nested case- control study (1996-2006) | UC 778; CD 476; Controls 12124. TP monotherapy (AZA, 6-MP, MTX) | CC: aOR 1.45 (95%CI: 0.74-2.84), ASA: OR 1.65 (0.34-7.98), corticosteroids: OR 2.79 (0.71-11.00), IMMs: OR 3.45 (0.82-14.45) | Missing data for race, ethnicity, smoking status. No adjustment for therapy or disease severity. Diagnostic or screening Pap smears are not distinguishable |
| Marehbian et al[113], 2009 | United States | Insurance claims-based United States population (2002-2005) | CD 22310; controls 111550 | IBD vs controls: Cervical dysplasia/HPV: RR 1.35 (1.28, 1.43). Exposed vs non exposed to treatment: aHR Steroids 1.11 (0.59, 2.09), IS 1.77 (1.26, 2.49), anti-TNF 1.30 (0.68, 2.51), Combination 1.81 (1.10, 3.10) | Disease severity is a possible confounding factor. Limited amount of person-time on various treatments |
| Lees et al[114], 2009 | Scotland | Tertiary centre, case-control study Retrospective | UC 178; CD 184; Healthy controls 1448 | Abnormal Pap smear: IBD patients OR 0.82 (95%CI: 0.59-1.1.3), IBD patients current smokers vs ex or no smokers OR 2.95 (95%CI: 1.55-5.50); P = 0.001, Women < 20 yr at IBD diagnosis vs 20-39 yr vs > 40 yr: 27% vs 13.4% vs 5.0% (P = 0.001). No effect of IS therapy | No data on HPV status or exposure to corticosteroids. Small number of patients on MTX or anti-TNF. Median time exposed to IS 2.4 yr. Smoking may be a confounding factor |
| Singh et al[115], 2009 | Canada | Population-nested case-control (2002-2006) | UC 233; CD 292; Controls 57898 | Cervical abnormalities: OR 1.41 (1.09-1.81), IS+ steroids 1.41 (1.09-1.81). High risk lesions: IS monotherapy aOR 1.23 (0.57-2.63), IS + steroids aOR 1.28 (0.77-2.12), CD patients exposed to > 10 prescriptions of oral contraceptives OR, 1.66 (1.08-2.54), UC OR 1.03 (0.77-1.38) | Administrative databases. Possible bias is smoking, parity and sexual factors. Small number of patients exposed to IMMs alone. No data on HPV infection. CN confirmed histologically in 19% of cases |
| Jess et al[75], 2013 | Denmark | Population-nested case-control (2002-2006) | 1437 UC; 774 CD. UC median F.U. 15 yr (0-33); CD 14 yr (0-33). 1978-2010 Population-based cohort study (1978-2010). 25176 IBD patients; UC 1437; CD 774(UC median 15yrs/22 582 pt-yrsCD median 14yrs/11 261 pt-yrs)TP (18% of UC pts,45% of CD pts everused TP) | Cervical dysplasia/CC: SIR 1.65 (95%CI: 1.10-2.37), CD diagnosed at age 0-19 yr: SIR 2.52 (95%CI: 1.26-4.51), Smokers: SIR, 2.15 (95%CI: 1.27-3.40), 5-ASA: SIR, 1.69 (95%CI: 1.08-2.51), Thiopurines: SIR, 2.47; (95%CI: 1.54-3.73) | No detailed pharmaco-epidemiological analyses. Cervical dysplasia was analysed along with CC resulting in higher CC incidence |
| Rungoe et al[116], 2015 | Denmark | Nationwide population-based cohort (1979-2011) | 27408 IBD patients (UC 18691; CD 8717), controls 1508334, median F.U: UC. 7.8 yr; CD 8.3 yr | CD: CC IRR 1.53 (95%CI: 1.04-2.27), High grade lesions IRR, 1.28 (95%CI: 1.13-1.45), low grade lesions IRR, 1.26 (95%CI: 1.07-1.48), CN significantly higher risk in CD patients diagnosed at young age and treated with AZA. UC: CC IRR 0.78 (0.53-1.13), High-grade lesions IRR 1.12 (95%CI: 1.01-1.25), Low-grade lesions: IRR 1.15 (95%CI: 1.00-1.32) | Data for smoking not available. Possible confounding factor is disease severity. Vaccination policies and screening may influence risk estimation |
| Kim et al[119], 2015 | United States | Cohort U.S. insurance data (2001-2008 and 2003-2012) | 133333 SID patients, including 25176 IBD | High grade dysplasia/CC: aHR 1.72 (0.66-4.45). IS: aHR 1.72 (95%CI: 0.66-4.45) | Confounding factors (race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual behavioural, gynaecologic history). Study not designed to determine the comparative effect of IS drugs. Short follow-up (mean 2.1 yr) |
| Jung et al[31], 2017 | Korea | National Health Insurance claims (2011-2014) | IBD (5595 CD and 10049 UC) | CC: UC 5.65 (2.44-11.13) | Did not focus on cancer occurred during IBD treatment. Missing data (disease diagnosis, phenotype). Short follow-up |
| Segal et al[117], 2021 | United Kingdom | Hospital Episode Statistics database (1997-2012) | 837 with IBD, 61648 control patients | IBD vs controls: CC: 5.2 of 100000 vs 4.6 of 100000; P = 0.042 | Other possible mechanism of carcinogenesis (other than HPV) not evaluated. Database accuracy. HPV-related cancers were not considered separately in CD and UC |
| Li et al[118], 2019 | China | Prospective study (2014-2017) | 124 IBD patients and 372 controls | HPV 16/18 infection OR 29.035 (3.64-210.988) P = 0.001, HPV-infection rate: MTX OR 4.76 (1.471-15.402) P = 0.005, > 2 IS OR 3.64 (1.255-10.562) P = 0.013, CIN prevalence: 3.2 vs 0.0%, P = 0.004 | No data on sexual behaviour in control group |
Table 3 Studies on urinary tract cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
| Ref. | Country | Type of study | Patients | Results | Limitations |
| Bernstein et al[39], 2001 | Canada | Population-based-cohort study (1984-1997) | 5529 IBD patients; Median F.U. 7.9 yr (3.5-12) | Bladder Ca: CD IRR 1.30 (0.51-3.30) UC IRR 0.67 (0.24-1.85) IBD IRR 0.92 (0.47-1.82). RCC: CD IRR 1.02 (0.31-3.34) UC IRR O.8 (0.25-2.58) IBD IRR 0.89 (0.39-2.06) | Possible confounding factor is socioeconomic status. Maximum F.U 12 yr. Data not analysed by extent of disease |
| Pasternak et al[22], 2013 | Denmark | Cohort study (1997-2008) | 45986 patients | AZA: Current users RR 2.8 (1.24-6.51), former users: RR 1.73 (0.70-4.24) | Possibly confounded by indication |
| Jess et al[75], 2013 | Denmark | Population-nested case-control (2002-2006) | 1437 UC; 774 CD; Median F.U. UC 15 yr (0-33); CD 14 yr (0-33) | CD SIR 1.69 (0.68-3.49); UC SIR 1.08 (0.56-1.89) | No detailed pharmaco-epidemiological analyses |
| Jussila et al[30], 2013 | Finland | Cohort study (1987-1993 and 2000-2007 and followed up to 2010) | 21964 patients with IBD | Urological CD IRR 1.56 (0.58-4.21), RCC CD IRR 1.61 (0.62-4.17) | Possibility of misclassification of IBD, CD, UC, and Ca |
| Kappelman et al[35], 2014 | Denmark | Population-based-cohort study (1978-2010) | 48908 IBD patients | Bladder Ca CD SIR 1.1 (0.8-1.6), RCC CD SIR 0.98 (0.77-1.23) | Not age-and sex specific estimates of absolute Ca risk. Detection bias. Data possible lacking. No inpatient encounters prior to 1995 |
| Algaba et al[85], 2015 | Spain | Prospective-cohort study (2005-2011) | 590 IBD patients; Controls 222219 | Bladder Ca RR 5.23 (1.95-13.87) | Small number of cases and limited period of follow-up |
| Nyboe Andersen et al[94], 2014 | Denmark | Cohort study (1999-2012) | 56146 IBD patients; Median F.U. 9.3 yr (4.2-14) | Anti-TNF: aHR 1.60 (0.61-4.19) | Confounding by indication, smoking, missing data. Short median F.U. of anti-TNF exposed (3.7 yr). Small number of Ca did not permit subgroup analysis |
| Bourrier et al[138], 2016 (CESAME study) | France | Prospective-cohort study (2004-2005) | 19486 IBD patients (30.1% receiving TP) | Bladder Ca SIR 1.20 (0.44-2.61); RCC SIR 2.05 (0.98-3.77), AZA > 65 yr vs < 50 yr HR 13.26 (3.52-50.03, P = 0.0001), Current users: SIR 3.40 (1.47-6.71; P = 0.006), Ex-users: SIR 0.64 (0.01-3.56) | Smoking is a possible confounding factor. Risk of anti-TNFs not assessed. Short follow-up |
| Wauters et al[139], 2017 | Belgium | Retrospective case–control study (1990-2014) | RCC; Exposed to anti-TNF: 2083 IBD patients (952 men and 1131 women); Un-exposed to anti-TNF: 1952 (977 men and 975 women) | Un-exposed to anti-TNF males SIR 5.4 (2.9-9.2), females SIR 8.5 (3.7-16.8) Exposed to anti-TNF males SIR 7.1(2.3-16.5), females SIR 4.8 (0.6-17.3) | Potential confounding factors were not adjusted. Disease type, severity, and drug exposure of hospitalized patients may not be comparable with the global patient population. Different agents and dose-response for anti-TNF were not studied |
| Mosher et al[24], 2018 | United States | Case-control study Veteran population (1996-2015) | 2080 patients with IBD; 271898 without IBD | Bladder Ca 20 yr RR 1.72 (0.86-3.45); RCC 20 yr RR 2.90 (1.46-5.84) | Administrative data. Possible underestimation of Ca incidence (newly diagnosed Ca treated in other centres) |
| Derikx et al[136], 2015 | Holland | Case-control study (1991-2013) | Case control study A: 180 IBD patients with RCC vs 1800 IBD patients; Case control study B: 180 IBD patients with RCC vs 4388 patients with RCC in the general population | Case control A: Montreal E3 UC OR 1.8-2.5 (95%CI: 1.0-5.3), penetrating IBD-CD OR 2.8 (95%CI: 1.3-5.8), IBD related surgery OR 3.7-4.5 (95%CI: 1.6-8.2), male gender OR 3.2-5.0 (95%CI: 1.7-13.2). Case control B: lower age at diagnosis RCC (P < 0.001), lower N-stage (P = 0.025), lower M-stage (P = 0.020), more frequent surgical treatment for RCC (P < 0.001), better survival (P = 0.026; HR 0.7) | Retrospective data collection. Selection bias (different registries and databases) |
| Biancone et al[26], 2020 | Italy | Multi-centre nested case-control study prospective (2011-2017) | 403 IBD patients; 806 IBD controls | UC: OR 3.79 (1.27-16.2) | Referral IBD centres included more severe patients compared with community-based centres |
Table 4 Studies on prostate cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
| Ref. | Country | Type of study | Patients | Results | Limitations |
| Karlén et al[40], 1999 | Sweden | Cohort (1955-1989) | 1547 UC | UC 7/1547; SIR 0.7 (0.3-1.5) | Missing data. Closer monitoring of UC patients may lead to higher frequency and early detection |
| Bernstein et al[39], 2001 | Canada | Cohort (1984 -1997) | 5529 IBD-1151000 controls | IBD 26/5529 SIR 0.86 (0.59-1.26), 6293/1151000 controls | Possible confounding factor is socioeconomic status. Maximum F.U 14 yr. Data not analyzed by extend of disease |
| Winther et al[145], 2004 | Denmark | Cohort (1962-1997) | 1160 UC patients; F.U. median 19 yr | 4/1160 UC; UC SMR 0.74 (0.20-1.88) | The treatment principles remained unchanged during the entire follow-up period |
| Hemminki et al[84], 2012 | Sweden | Cohort (1964-2004) | 27606 UC patients | UC 277/27606 SIR 1.14 (1.01-1.28), All + 1; SIR 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | Possible incidental finding of PC in older UC patients |
| Hemminki et al[83], 2009 | Sweden | Cohort (1964-2004) | 21788 CD patients | CD 152/21788; SIR 1.19 (1.01-1.4), All + 1 SIR 1.12 (0.94-1.32) | The sparseness of individual cancers did not allow conclusions about the trends |
| Jess et al[75], 2013 | Denmark | Cohort (1978-2010) | 1437 UC; 774 CD | UC SIR 1.82 (1.17-2.71) | No detailed pharmaco-epidemiological analysis |
| Jussila et al[30], 2013 | Finland | Cohort (1987-1993 and 2000-2007) | 21964 IBD (16649 UC; 5315 CD); 5351000 controls | IBD 176/21964; 51045/5351000 controls; IBD SIR 0.84 (0.73-0.97) UC 150/16649 SIR 0.85 (0.72-0.99) P < 0.05; CD 26/5315 SIR 0.79 (0.52-1.16) | Possibility of mis-classification of IBD, CD, UC, and Ca. Patients diagnosed 1987-1993 and 2000-2007 were only included |
| Kappelman et al[35], 2014 | Denmark | Cohort (1978-2010) | 42717 IBD (35152 UC; 13756 CD); 5554844 controls. F.U. CD for 7.6 yr, UC for 7.8 yr | IBD 316/42717; controls 33960/5554844. IBD SIR 1.21 (1.08-1.35); UC 258/35152 SIR 1.2 (1.1-1.4); CD 58/13756 SIR 1.2 (0.9-1.6) | No age-estimates of absolute cancer risk. Detection bias. Data possibly missing. No inpatient encounters prior to 1995 |
| Wilson et al[36], 2016 | Switzerland | Case-control (1995-2012) | 19647 IBD (7850 CD; 11797 UC); 19647 controls | IBD 79/19647; 67/19647 controls. IBD aHR 1.19 (0.86-1.65); CD 17/7850; 16/7850 controls; CD aHR 1.08 (0.54-2.15); UC 62/11797; 51/11797 controls UC aHR 1.22 (0.84-1.77) | Exposure misclassification. Potential bias in multivariate analysis (smoking, alcohol, BMI) |
| Jung et al[31], 2017 | Korea | Cohort (2011-2014) | 9785 UC; 5506 CD; 50750000 controls | 19/15291 IBD; 20607/50750000 controls. IBD SIR 3.5 (2.1-5.5); UC SIR 3.47 (2.06-5.48); CD SIR O.99 (0.03-5.54) | The study did not focus on IBD treatment. Data for disease diagnosis, phenotype not available. Short follow-up |
| So et al[29], 2017 | China | Cohort (1990-2016) | 2621 IBD; 1603 UC; 7392000 controls. Median F.U. 8 yr CD, 10 yr UC | 8/2621 IBD; 11115/7392000 controls. IBD SIR 2.03 (1.03-4.06); 8/1603 UC; UC SIR 2.47 (1.24-4.95) | The 25% of the cohort was followed up for < 5 yr. Small size of PC cases. Lead-time and detection bias. Exposure not evaluated |
| Mosher et al[24], 2018 | United States | Case-control study Veteran population (1996-2015) | 2080 IBD patients; 271898 without IBD | 574/2080 IBD; 337/271898 IBD free; 20 yr RR 1.70 (1.28-2.27) | Administrative data. Heterogeneity of the Ca types. Ca incidence rates may be underestimated |
| Burns et al[146], 2019 | United States | Cohort (1996-2017) | 1033 IBD; 9306 IBD free | IBD 30/1033; IBD free 29/9306, 10 yr HR 4.44 (2.98-6.62) P < 0.001; clinically significant PC: 10 yr HR 3.72 (2.15-6.42) P < 0.001; RR 9.32 (5.62-15.46) | Variables for IBD missing. Academic medical centre. PC morbidity, mortality, IBD treatments and healthcare utilization not assessed |
| Meyers et al[147], 2020 | United States | Prospective Population-based United Kingdom Biobank cohort (2006 and 2010, with follow-up through mid-2015) | 2311 IBD (1488 UC; 643 CD); 215773 IBD free; Men aged 40 to 69 at study entry | UC 49/1488; aHR 1.47 (1.11-1.95) P = 0.0070, ≤ 20 yr: 1.29 (0.89, 1.85), > 20 yr: 1.87 (1.21-2.91) P = 0.0052, BMI ≤ 30: 1.48 (1.07, 2.03), BM1 > 30: 1.35 (0.72, 2.51); CD 14/643 aHR 1.06 (0.63-1.80), ≤ 20 yr: 1.11 (0.58, 2.14), > 20 yr: 0.98 (0.41, 2.37), BMI ≤ 30: 0.83 (0.43, 1.59), BMI > 30: 2.25 (0.93, 5.41) | Number of prior PSA test, DRE, PC morbidity and mortality and IBD treatments were not reported. No data for PC grade or stage. Selection bias |
Table 5 Studies on skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
| Ref. | Type of study | Country | Patients | Follow up time | Results | Limitations |
| Armstrong et al[89], 2010 | Nested case control | United Kingdom | 16663 IBD patients; 392 developed Ca vs 1914 IBD controls | 6.4 yr | NMSC with AZA use (OR 0.99, CI: 0.35-2.81) | AZA users were included but not 6MP |
| Long et al[167], 2010 | Retrospective cohort; nested case control | United States | 53377 IBD patients vs 160037 non-IBD; 742 IBD NMSC cases vs 2968 IBD controls | 1.32 yr | NMSC (IRR, 1.64; 95%CI: 1.51-1.78), NMSC recent TP use (OR, 3.56; 95%CI: 2.81-4.50), recent biologics in CD (OR, 2.07; 95%CI: 1.28-3.33), persistent TP use (OR, 4.27; 95%CI: 3.08-5.92), persistent biologic use in CD (OR, 2.18; 95%CI: 1.07-4.46) | Patients aged < 64 yr, no exposure dose, short follow-up |
| Singh et al[168], 2011 | Retrospective cohort; case control | Canada | 9618 IBD patients vs 91378 non-IBD; 237 IBD NMSC cases vs 948 IBD controls | 11.7 yr | BCC (HR, 1.20; 95%CI: 1.03-1.40). TP use SCC (HR, 5.40; 95%CI: 2.00-14.56) BCC (HR, 1.12; CI 0.68-1.85). Case-control: TP use SCC (OR, 20.52; 95%CI: 2.42-173.81), BCC (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.10-3.87) | Do not include use of IMMs before 1995 |
| Peyrin-Biroulet et al[171], 2011 | Prospective observational cohort study (CESAME) | France | 19486 IBD patients | 2.55 yr | NMSC (SIR 2.89, 95%CI: 1.98-4.08) MSC (SIR 0.64, 95%CI: 0.17-1.63). NMSC: ongoing TP use (HR, 5.9; 95%CI: 2.1-16.4; P = 0.0006), past TP use (HR, 3.9; 95%CI: 1.3-12.1; P = 0.02), age per 1-yr increase (HR, 1.08; 95%CI: 1.05-1.11; P < 0.0001) | Younger patients |
| van Schaik et al[175], 2011 | Retrospective cohort | Holland | 2887 IBD patients | 6.46 yr | NMSC AZA use (HR 0.85, 95%CI: 0.51-1.41) | Small study sample size |
| Long et al[169], 2012 | Retrospective cohort; nested case-control | United States | 108579 IBD vs 434 233 non-IBD controls; 209 MSC cases vs 823 IBD non-MSC controls, 3288 NMSC cases vs 12945 IBD non-NMSC controls | 2 yr | MSC (HR, 1.15; 95%CI: 0.97-1.36) NMSC (HR, 1.34; 95%CI: 1.28-1.40). MSC anti-TNF (OR, 1.88; 95%CI: 1.08-3.29), long-term vs non-long-term use (OR 3.93, 95%CI: 1.82-8.50), no association with TP or 5-ASA. NMSC any TP use (OR, 1.85; 95%CI: 1.66-2.05), anti-TNF (OR, 1.14; 95%CI: 0.95-1.36), combination treatment (OR, 3.89; 95%CI: 2.33-6.46) | Study population aged < 64 yr, no dose information about treatments, short mean follow-up |
| Peyrin-Biroulet et al[176], 2012 | Prospective observational cohort study (CESAME) | France | 19486 IBD patients | 2.55 yr | MSC previously TP treated (SIR: 0; 95%CI: 0-3.11), current TP users (SIR: 1.09; 95%CI: 0.13-3.94) | Younger patient population |
| Abbas et al[177], 2014 | Retrospective cohort; nested case control | United States | 14527 patients; 421 NMSC and 45 MSC cases | 8.1 yr | NMSC current AZA use (HR 2.1, 95%CI: 1.6-2.6), previous AZA use (HR 0.7, 95%CI: 0.5-1.0). MSC current AZA use (HR 1.5, 95%CI: 0.6-3.4), previous AZA use (HR 0.5, 95%CI: 90.1-1.8) | Patient population limited to VA health care system (older, white, male) |
| McKenna et al[178], 2014 | Database inquiry (AE- (FAERS) | United States | 315 skin Ca | NA | PRR, increased odds of MSC and NMSC for anti-TNF (P = 0.035 and 0.03, respectively) and combination treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) | AE database (reporting bias) skewed towards CD |
| Kopylov et al[179], 2015 | Nested case control | Canada | 19582 patients; (MSC 102 vs IBD Controls 1014) (NMSC 474 IBD vs Controls 4684) | No reported mean | NMSC: TP treatment ≥ 3 yr (OR 1.41; 95%CI: 1.11-1.79), TP treatment ≥ 5 yr (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.36-3.7), combination treatment (OR: 3.11; 95%CI: 1.33-7.27). After stopping TP, OR: 1.04 (0.69-1.55). IMMs-anti-TNF were not associated with MSC | Younger, employed patients are underrepresented, not mentioned disease severity |
| Scott et al[180], 2016 | Retrospective cohort | United States | 2788 IBD patients | 2.24 yr | Second NMSC with short-term TP treatment (HR 1.53, 95%CI: 0.87-2.70), with > 1 yr of TP therapy (HR 1.49, 95%CI: 0.98-2.27) | Older patient population |
| Nissen et al[181], 2017 | 2 Retrospective case-control studies | The Netherlands | 304 IBD patients with MSC, 1800 IBD controls, 8177 MSC non-IBD controls | MSC: UC (pancolitis OR 3.09; 95%CI: 1.670-5.727), CD (ileocolonic disease: OR 1.98; 95%CI: 1.009-3.882). Corticosteroids (OR 1.41-3.72), anti-TNF UC (OR 0.15-0.88), CD (0.27-0.92). (only attributed to the in situ MSC). Survival with anti-TNF (HR 0.32; 95%CI: 0.08-1.27) and TP (HR 0.72; 95%CI: 0.37-1.31). Survival after MSC diagnosis anti-TNF (HR 0.16, 95%CI: 0.02-1.21) and TP (HR 0.55, 95%CI: 0.25-1.23) | Medication of patients after 1990 was included. Not informed about skin type, number of sun burns | |
| Clowry et al[182], 2017 | Retrospective cohort | Ireland | 2053 patients with IBD | 9.8 yr | NMSC under IMMs SIR 1.8 (95%CI: 1.0-2.7), TP exposure (OR: 5.26, 95%CI: 2.15-12.93, P < 0.001), TP and/or anti-TNF (OR: 6.45, 95%CI: 2.69-15.95, P <0.001) | Small sample size, hospital database mostly severe IBD |
| Khan et al[183], 2020 | Retrospective cohort | United States | 54919 patients with IBD; VAHS 518 patients with BCC | 5.71 yr | Repeated BCC occurrences, compared with 5-ASA, under active TP use (HR 1.65, 95%CI: 1.24-2.19, P = 0.0005), 6 mo after TP discontinuation (HR 1.22, 95%CI: 0.86-1.74, P = 0.26), for anti-TNF use (HR 1.27, 95%CI: 0.84-1.90, P = 0.26), for combination treatment (HR 1.37, 95%CI: 0.90-2.08, P = 0.14) | Study population mostly males. Prescriptions outside VAHS not included |
- Citation: Mala A, Foteinogiannopoulou K, Koutroubakis IE. Solid extraintestinal malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13(12): 1956-1980
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v13/i12/1956.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.1956