Non-surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Table 1 Main published data from various minimally invasive treatment options

Ref.	Study design	Treatment	No. of patients	Outcomes	Complications/Adverse events
Hsiao et al[13]	Single-center, single-arm, retrospective	IRE	9	Median overall survival: 26 mo; progression-free survival: 18 mo	None reported
Martin et al[14]	Single-center, single-arm, retrospective	IRE	26	Median survival without biliary drainage: 305 d (range 92–458); disease-free: 11.5%	Complications: 3/26 (11.5%; severe 7.7%)
Li et al[18]	Single-center, comparative, retrospective	PDT + stent vs stent-only	62 (30 vs 32)	Median survival: PDT + stent 14.2 vs stent-only 9.8 mo, P = 0.003	Adverse events: 24 (38.7%) vs 20 (29.0%), P = 0.239
Mizandari et al[22]	Single-center, single-arm, retrospective	Endobiliary RFA	39	Median survival: 89.5 d (range 14-260)	None reported
Andrašina et al[27]	Single-center, prospective, multimodal oncological therapy	TACE or IA chemotherapy with or without SC vs IV SC	40 (17 vs 23)	Median overall survival: 13.5 mo (range, 11.0-18.8 mo). Median overall survival IA: 25.2 mo (range, 15.2-31.3 mo) vs IV SC 11.5 mo (range, 8.5-12.6 mo) in (P < 0.05)	None reported

IRE: Irreversible electroporation; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; IA: Intraarterial; IV: Intravenous; SC: Systemic chemotherapy.