Analysis of B-ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics of different hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.436

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2019; 11(5): 436-448
Published online May 15, 2019. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.436

Table 1 Comparison of B-mode ultrasound characteristics between hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm and hepatocellular carcinoma groups, n (%)

B-mode Ultrasound characteristics		hNEN group, n = 55	HCC group, n = 55	t/χ²	P value
Diameter in cm		4.32 ± 1.38	3.91 ± 1.27	1.621	0.108
Number of liver lesions	Single	19 (34.5)	47 (85.5)	29.697	0.000
Number of liver lesions	Multiple	36 (65.5)	8 (14.5)	29.697	0.000
Lesion property	Solid	50 (90.9)	47 (85.5)	0.785	0.376
Lesion property	Cyst	5 (9.1)	8 (14.5)	0.785	0.376
Boundary	Clear	29 (52.7)	40 (72.7)	4.705	0.030
Boundary	Unclear	26 (47.3)	15 (27.3)	4.705	0.030
Echo level	High	28 (50.9)	13 (23.6)	9.498	0.023
	Low	17 (30.9)	24 (43.6)
	Mixed	10 (18.2)	17 (30.9)
	Equal	0 (0.0)	1 (1.8)
Echo uniformity	Uniform	39 (70.9)	26 (47.3)	6.356	0.012
Echo uniformity	Non-uniform	16 (29.1)	29 (52.7)	6.356	0.012
Posterior echo attenuation	Yes	6 (10.9)	2 (3.6)	-	0.271¹
Posterior echo attenuation	No	49 (89.1)	53 (96.4)	-	0.271¹
Peripheral acoustic halo	Yes	13 (23.6)	27 (49.1)	7.700	0.006
Peripheral acoustic halo	No	42 (76.4)	28 (50.9)	7.700	0.006

¹Represent Fisher’s exact test. hNEN: Hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics between hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm group and hepatocellular carcinoma group, n (%)

Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound characteristics		hNEN group, n = 55	HCC group, n = 55	t/χ²	P value
Initial enhancement time in s		16.23 ± 5.29	16.52 ± 5.17	0.291	0.772
Washout to iso-enhancement time in s		26.91 ± 15.39	47.26 ± 16.84	6.615	0.000
Washout to hypo-enhancement time in s		59.84 ± 37.91	99.63 ± 61.82	5.092	0.000
Enhancement level at arterial phase	High	53 (96.4)	55 (100)	2.037	0.154
	Equal	2 (3.6)	0 (0)
	Low	0 (0)	0 (0)
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Equal	7 (12.7)	11 (20.0)	1.063	0.303
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Low	48 (87.3)	44 (80.0)	1.063	0.303
Enhancement level at late phase	Equal	2 (3.6)	1 (1.8)	0.343	0.558
Enhancement level at late phase	Low	53 (96.4)	54 (98.2)	0.343	0.558
Enhancement forms	Fast forward and fast out	53 (96.4)	51 (92.8)	0.705	0.401
Enhancement forms	Equal/slow forward and fast out	2 (3.6)	4 (7.2)	0.705	0.401
Enhancement forms	Uniform	33 (60)	39 (70.9)	1.447	0.229
Enhancement forms	Non-uniform	22 (40)	16 (29.1)	1.447	0.229
Tumor vasculature	Yes	34 (61.8)	38 (69.1)	0.643	0.423
Tumor vasculature	No	21 (38.2)	17 (30.9)	0.643	0.423
Tumor necrosis	Yes	16 (29.1)	19 (34.5)	0.377	0.539
Tumor necrosis	No	39 (70.9)	36 (65.5)	0.377	0.539
Capsule enhancement	Yes	7 (12.7)	2 (3.6)	3.025	0.082
Capsule enhancement	No	48 (87.3)	53 (96.4)	3.025	0.082

hNEN: Hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 3 Comparison of B-mode ultrasound characteristics transferred from different sources of hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, n (%)

B-mode Ultrasound characteristics		gastrointestinal tract, n = 20	Pancreas, n = 29	Other sites, n = 6	F/χ²	P value
Diameter in cm		3.24 ± 1.96	2.98 ± 1.95	3.41 ± 2.06	1.772	0.163
Number of liver lesions	Single	7 (35)	10 (34.5)	2 (33.3)	-	1.000¹
Number of liver lesions	Multiple	13 (65)	19 (65.5)	4 (66.7)	-	1.000¹
Lesion property	Solid	19 (95.0)	25 (86.0)	6 (100.0)	1.781	0.410
Lesion property	Cyst	1 (5.0)	4 (13.8)	0 (0)	1.781	0.410
Boundary	Clear	10 (50.0)	15 (51.7)	4 (66.47)	-	0.856¹
Boundary	Unclear	10 (50.0)	14(48.3)	2 (16.7)	-	0.856¹
Echo level	High	6 (30.0)	17 (58.6)	4 (66.7)	-	0.228¹
	Low	10 (50.0)	7 (24.1)	1 (33.3)
	Mixed	4 (20.0)	5 (17.2)	1 (33.3)
	Equal	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Echo uniformity	Uniform	15 (75.0)	20 (69.0)	4 (66.7)	-	0.916¹
Echo uniformity	Non-uniform	5 (25.0)	9 (31.0)	2 (33.3)	-	0.916¹
Posterior echo attenuation	Yes	2 (10.0)	4 (13.8)	0 (0)	-	1.000¹
Posterior echo attenuation	No	18 (90.0)	25 (86.2)	6 (100.0)	-	1.000¹
Peripheral acoustic halo	Yes	16 (80.0)	21 (72.4)	5 (83.3)	-	0.900¹
Peripheral acoustic halo	No	4 (20.0)	8 (27.6)	1 (16.7)	-	0.900¹

¹Represent Fisher’s exact test.

Table 4 Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics transferred from different sources of hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, n (%)

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics		Gastrointestinal tract, n = 20	Pancreas, n = 29	Other sites, n = 6	t/χ²	P value
Initial enhancement time in s		16.28 ± 5.82	16.83 ± 6.16	15.22 ± 4.92	1.305	0.372
Washout to iso-enhancement time in s		28.82 ± 12.38	27.29 ± 14.92	2 1.83 ± 11.23	0.924	0.477
Washout to hypo-enhancement time in s		64.93 ± 36.29	55.28 ± 31.83	58.21 ± 29.65	0.874	0.592
Enhancement level at arterial phase	High	19 (95.0)	28 (96.6)	6 (100.0)	0.335	0.846
	Equal	1 (5.0)	1 (3.4)	0 (0)
	Low	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Equal	2 (10.0)	5 (17.2)	0 (0)	-	0.610¹
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Low	18 (90.0)	24 (82.8)	6 (100.0)	-	0.610¹
Enhancement level at late phase	Equal	1(5.0)	1(3.4)	0 (0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement level at late phase	Low	19 (95.0)	28 (96.6)	6 (100.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Fast forward and fast out	19 (95.0)	28 (96.6)	6 (100.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Equal/slow forward and fast out	1 (5.0)	1 (3.4)	0 (0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Uniform	13 (65.0)	16 (55.2)	4 (66.7)	-	0.729¹
Enhancement forms	Non-uniform	7 (35.0)	13 (44.8)	2 (33.3)	-	0.729¹
Tumor vasculature	Yes	14 (70.0)	17 (58.6)	3 (50.0)	-	0.667¹
Tumor vasculature	No	6 (30.0)	12 (41.4)	3 (50.0)	-	0.667¹
Tumor necrosis	Yes	4 (20.0)	10 (34.5)	2 (33.3)	-	0.569¹
Tumor necrosis	No	16 (80.0)	19 (65.5)	4 (66.7)	-	0.569¹
Capsule enhancement	Yes	2 (10.0)	4 (13.8)	1 (16.7)	-	1.000¹
Capsule enhancement	No	18 (90.0)	25 (86.2)	5 (83.3)	-	1.000¹

¹Represent Fisher’s exact test.

Table 5 Comparison of B-mode ultrasound characteristics between hepatic neuroendocrine tumor and hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma groups, n (%)

B-mode Ultrasound characteristics		hNET group, n = 35	hNEC group, n = 20	t/χ²	P value
Diameter in cm		4.58 ± 2.91	5.08 ± 3.87	0.543	0.590
Number of liver lesions	Single	12 (34.3)	7 (35.0)	0.003	0.957
Number of liver lesions	Multiple	23 (65.7)	13 (65.0)	0.003	0.957
Lesion property	Solid	31 (88.6)	19 (95.0)	0.636	0.425
Lesion property	Cyst	4 (11.4)	1 (5.0)	0.636	0.425
Boundary	Clear	18 (51.4)	11 (55.0)	0.065	0.799
Boundary	Unclear	17 (48.6)	9 (45.0)	0.065	0.799
Echo level	High	19 (54.3)	9 (45.0)	0.443	0.801
	Low	10 (28.6)	7 (35.0)
	Mixed	6 (17.1)	4 (20.0)
	Equal	0 (0)	0 (0)
Echo uniformity	Uniform	25 (71.4)	14 (70.0)	0.013	0.911
Echo uniformity	Non-uniform	10 (28.6)	6 (30.0)	0.013	0.911
Posterior echo attenuation	Yes	5 (14.3)	1 (5.0)	-	0.399¹
Posterior echo attenuation	No	30 (85.7)	19 (95.0)	-	0.399¹
Peripheral acoustic halo	Yes	9 (25.7)	4 (20.0)	-	0.749¹
Peripheral acoustic halo	No	26 (74.3)	16 (80.0)	-	0.749¹

¹Represent Fisher’s exact test. hNET: Hepatic neuroendocrine tumor; hNEC: Hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Table 6 Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics between hepatic neuroendocrine tumor and hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma groups, n (%)

Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound characteristics		hNET group, n = 35	hNEC group, n = 20	t/χ²	P value
Initial enhancement time in s		16.83 ± 5.08	16.28 ± 4.93	0.834	0.854
Washout to iso-enhancement time in s		30.84 ± 10.38	27.68 ± 9.74	1.856	0.804
Washout to hypo-enhancement time in s		65.28 ± 37.84	51.72 ± 31.85	1.152	0.833
Enhancement level at arterial phase	High	33 (94.3)	20 (100.0)	1.186	0.276
	Equal	2 (5.7)	0 (0)
	Low	0 (0)	0 (0)
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Equal	7 (20.0)	0 (0)	4.583	0.032
Enhancement level at portal venous phase	Low	28 (80.0)	20 (100.0)	4.583	0.032
Enhancement level at late phase	Equal	1 (2.9)	1 (5.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement level at late phase	Low	34 (97.1)	19 (95.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Fast forward and fast out	34 (97.1)	19 (95.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Equal/slow forward and fast out	1 (2.9)	1 (5.0)	-	1.000¹
Enhancement forms	Uniform	28 (80.0)	5 (25.0)	16.042	0.000
Enhancement forms	Non-uniform	7 (20.0)	15 (75.0)	16.042	0.000
Tumor vasculature	Yes	15 (42.9)	19 (95.0)	14.661	0.000
Tumor vasculature	No	20 (57.1)	1 (5.0)	14.661	0.000
Tumor necrosis	Yes	10 (28.6)	6 (30.0)	0.013	0.911
Tumor necrosis	No	25 (71.4)	14 (70.0)	0.013	0.911
Capsule enhancement	Yes	6 (17.1)	1 (5.0)	-	0.402¹
Capsule enhancement	No	29 (82.9)	19 (95.0)	-	0.402¹

¹Represent Fisher’s exact test. hNET: Hepatic neuroendocrine tumor; hNEC: Hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Citation: Kang XN, Zhang XY, Bai J, Wang ZY, Yin WJ, Li L. Analysis of B-ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound characteristics of different hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11(5): 436-448
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v11/i5/436.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.436