Non-coding RNA in drug resistance of gastric cancer

Table 1 Summary of lncRNAs involved in multiple drug resistance in gastric cancer

Dysregulation	LncRNA	Pathway/target	Corresponding drugs	Ref.
Up-regulated	PVT1	MDR1, MRP1, mTOR, HIF-1a	DDP	[22]
Up-regulated	AK022798	MRP1, Caspase 3/8, P-gp, Notch1	DDP	[23]
Up-regulated	HOTAIR	PI3K/AKT/MRP1, Wnt/β-catenin, miR-34a	DDP	[24,25]
Up-regulated	MRUL	ABCB1, P-gp, PRL23, RPS13, JNK1, CPP32	DOX, ADR	[26]
Up-regulated	ANRIL	MDR1, MRP1	DDP, 5-Fu	[27]
Up-regulated	UCA1	miR-27b, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase-3	DDP, 5-Fu, ADR	[28]
Up-regulated	MALAT1	miR-23b-3p, ATG3/12, Autophagy	5-Fu, VCR, DDP	[29]
Up-regulated	GHET1	MDR1, MRP1, Bax, Bcl-2	DDP	[30]
Up-regulated	CASC9	MDR1	PTX, ADR	[31]
Up-regulated	ZFAS1	Wnt/β-catenin, NKD2	PTX, DDP	[32]
Up-regulated	HULC	Induced EMT, Suppressed apoptosis	DDP, ADR, 5-Fu	[33,34]
Up-regulated	BLACAT1	ABCB1, MDR1, MRP1, LRP1, miR-361	OXA	[35]

DDP: Cisplatin; 5-Fu: 5-fluorouracil; VCR: Vincristine; ADR: Adriamycin; PTX: Paclitaxel; DOX: Doxorubicin; OXA: Oxaliplatin.

Table 2 Summary of other lncRNAs involved in single drug resistance in gastric cancer

Drugs	LncRNA	Pathway/target	Dysregulation	Ref.
DDP	BCAR4	β-catenin, Nanog, Klf4 Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc	Up-regulated	[36]
ADR	NEAT1	Promoted cell apoptosis	Up-regulated	[37]
DOX	D63785	miR-442a, MEF2D	Up-regulated	[38]
5-Fu	LEIGG	Induced EMT, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, Zeb, Twist	Down-regulated	[39]

DDP: Cisplatin; ADR: Adriamycin; DOX: Doxorubicin; 5-Fu: 5-fluorouracil.

Table 3 Summary of miRNAs involved in multiple drug resistance in gastric cancer

Dysregula-tion	miRNA	Pathway/target	Corresponding drugs	Ref.
Up-regulated	miR-19a/b	MeCP2	5-Fu, DDP	[41]
	miR-20a/b	LRIG1, EGFR, Livin, PI3K/AKT, p65, CYLD, MAPK/ERK, Survivin, HIPK2, NFKBIB, NFƙB	5-Fu, ADR, DDP, VCR	[42-46]
	miR-363	FBW7, c-Myc, c-Jun, cyclin E	Docetaxel, DDP, 5-Fu	[47]
	miR-21	PTEN, TIMP3, PI3K/AKT	DOX, DDP, PTX, Trastuzumab	[48-52]
	miR-27a	HIF-1α, GST-π, LRP, TS, MDR1/P-gp, Bcl-2	OXA	[46,53]
	miR-135a	E2F1, P-gp, c-Myc, DAPK2, AP-2α, Bcl-2	OXA, ADR	[54,55]
Down-regulated	miR-23b-3p	MALAT1, ATG12, LC3-I, ATG3, HMGB2, LC3-II	VCR, DDP	[29,56]
	miR-34a	PI3K/AKT/MRP1, HOTAIR, Wnt/β-catenin, MET	DDP	[24,57]
	miR-495	MDR1, ABCB1	DDP, DOX, TAX	[58]
	miR1955p	ZNF139, P-gp, BCL-2, MRP1	5-Fu, OXA	[59]
	miR-30a	MDR1, P-gp, Snail, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin	5-Fu, DDP	[60-62]
	miR-101	ANXA2, P-gp, VEGF-C	DDP, VCR	[64]
	miR-145	CD44, Sox2, Oct4, Nanog	5-Fu, DDP	[65]
	miR-129	P-gp, Caspase-3/9,	DDP	[66]
	miR-27b	UCA1, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase-3, HIF1A, MDR1, CCNG1	ADR, DDP, 5-Fu	[28,67]
	miR-126	EZH2	VCR, ADR	[68]
	miR-16	Cyclin J, FUBP1, hNIS, Bcl-2	Lapatinib, ADR Trastuzumab	[69,70]
	miR-1284	EIF4A1, Jun, MMP12, Myc	VCR	[71]
	miR-107	Lin28, P-gp, c-Myc, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, CDK6, NF-kB, TOPOII, Cleaved caspase3/9	OXA, PTX, 5-Fu, DOX	[72,73]
	miR-508-5p	P53, ABCB1, ZNRD1	ADR, DDP, 5-Fu, VCR	[67]
	miR-218	SMO, mTOR	OXA, 5-Fu, ADR, DDP	[74,75]
	let-7b	Lin28/Lin28B, c-Myc	DDP, VCR, 5-Fu	[76]
	miR-103	Cav-1, P-gp	DOX, ADR	[73]
	miR-129-5p	ABCB1, ABCC5, ABCG1	VCR, DDP, ADR, 5-Fu	[77]
	miR-185	ARC, RUNX3	DOX, DDP	[78]
	miR874	ATG16L1, Autophagy	DDP	[79]

5-Fu: 5-fluorouracil; DDP: Cisplatin; VCR: Vincristine; ADR: Adriamycin; PTX: Paclitaxel; TAX: Taxol; DOX: Doxorubicin; OXA: Oxaliplatin; P-gp: P-glycoprotein.

Table 4 Summary of other miRNAs involved in single drug resistance in gastric cancer

Drugs	miRNA	Pathway/target	Dysregulation	Ref.
DDP	miR-193a-3p	CD44, SRSF2, Bcl-X, Bcl-2, caspase 9	Up-regulated	[80]
DDP	miR-214	PARP9, CD81, XRCC1, LIN28B	Up-regulated	[81]
DDP	miR-25	FOXO3a, p27Kip1	Up-regulated	[82]
DDP	miR-132	SIRT1, CREB, ABCG2	Up-regulated	[83]
DDP	miR-99a	CAPNS1, calpain1, calpain2, Caspase3, PARP1	Up-regulated	[84]
	miR-491
DDP	miR-421	HIF-1α, Snail, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Fibronectin, Vimentin	Up-regulated	[85]
DDP	miR-493	DKK1	Up-regulated	[86]
DDP	miR-141	KEAP1	Up-regulated	[87]
DDP	miR-223	FBXW7, CCND1/2/3, CCNE1/2, CCNE2, CDK2/4/6, p14, p16, p21, p27, c-Myc	Up-regulated	[88,89]
Trastuzumab
DDP	miR-604	POLR2L, POLR2C, APRT, LMAN2	Down-regulated	[90]
DDP	miR-17-5p	E2F1, p21, MCL1	Down-regulated	[91]
DDP	miR-125b	HER2	Down-regulated	[92]
DDP	miR-320a	ADAM10	Down-regulated	[93]
DDP	miR-148a-3p	AKAP1, RAB12, DRP1	Down-regulated	[94]
DDP	miR-200c	ZEB2	Down-regulated	[95]
DDP	miR-524-5p	SOX9	Down-regulated	[96]
DDP	miR-149	FoxM1	Down-regulated	[97]
DDP	miR-203	Cleaved caspase-3/9, Bcl-w	Down-regulated	[98]
DDP	miR-29b	AKT2, PI3K/Akt	Down-regulated	[99]
DDP	miR-26a	NRAS, E2F2	Down-regulated	[100]
DDP	miR-143	IGF1R, Bcl2	Down-regulated	[101]
DDP	miR-503	IGF1R, Bcl2	Down-regulated	[102]
DDP	miR-1271	IGF1R/IRS1, mTOR, Bcl2	Down-regulated	[103]
DDP	miR-22	ENO1	Down-regulated	[105]
DDP/PTX	miR-181a	Autophagy, AKT/ERK	Down-regulated	[46,104]
5-Fu	miR-193-3p	PTEN	Up-regulated	[106]
5-Fu	miR-204	TGFBR2, Induced EMT, TGF-β	Down-regulated	[107]
5-Fu	miR-31	RhoA	Down-regulated	[108]
5-Fu	miR-939	SLC34A2, Raf/MEK/ERK	Down-regulated	[109]
5-Fu	miR-BART15-3p	TAX1BP1, NF-ƙB	Down-regulated	[110]
5-Fu	miR-197	MAPK1	Down-regulated	[111]
5-Fu	miR-BART20-5p	BAD	Down-regulated	[112]
PTX	miR-3127-5p/miR-1287/miR-4713-5p	AKT/ERK	Up-regulated	[113]
PTX	miR-224/miR-452/miR-424/miR-130a/miR-193b	AKT/ERK	Down-regulated	[113]
Docetaxel	let-7a	HMGA2	Up-regulated	[114]
DOX	miR-140	SOX4, ABCC1, ABCG2	Down-regulated	[115]
VCR	miR-647	ANK2, FAK, MMP2, MMP12, CD44, SNAIL2	Down-regulated	[116]
OXA	miR-361	ABCB1, BLACAT1	Down-regulated	[35]
TRAIL	miR-942	ISG12a, AKT, ISG12a, Cleaved PARP	Up-regulated	[117]
Lapatinib	miR494	FGFR2	Down-regulated	[118]

DDP: Cisplatin; 5-Fu: 5-fluorouracil; PTX: Paclitaxel; DOX: Doxorubicin; VCR: Vincristine; OXA: Oxaliplatin; TRAIL: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.