Efficacy of chemotherapy containing bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer according to programmed cell death ligand 1

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, inhibits angiogenesis and reduces tumor growth. Serum VEGF-C, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory markers have been reported as predictive markers related to bevacizumab treatment. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) could act upon VEGF receptor 2 to induce cancer cell angiogenesis and metastasis.

AIM

To investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) according to the expression of PD-L1.

METHODS

This analysis included CRC patients who received bevacizumab plus FOLFOX or FOLFIRI as first-line therapy between June 24, 2014 and February 28, 2022, at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, South Korea). Analysis of patient data included evaluation of PD-L1 expression by the combined positive score (CPS). We analyzed the efficacy of bevacizumab according to PD-L1 expression status in patients with CRC.

RESULTS

A total of 124 patients was included in this analysis. Almost all patients were treated with bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI or FOLFOX as the first-line chemotherapy. While 77% of patients received FOLFOX, 23% received FOLFIRI as backbone first-line chemotherapy. The numbers of patients with a PD-L1 CPS of 1 or more, 5 or more, or 10 or more were 105 (85%), 64 (52%), and 32 (26%), respectively. The results showed no significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with bevacizumab treatment between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 1 and those with PD-L1 CPS of 1 or more (PD-L1 < 1% vs PD-L1 ≥ 1%; PFS: P = 0.93, OS: P = 0.33), between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 5 and of 5 or more (PD-L1 < 5% vs PD-L1 ≥ 5%; PFS: P = 0.409, OS: P = 0.746), and between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 10 and of 10 or more (PD-L1 < 10% vs PD-L1 ≥ 10%; PFS: P = 0.529, OS: P = 0.568).

CONCLUSION

Chemotherapy containing bevacizumab can be considered as first-line therapy in metastatic CRC irrespective of PD-L1 expression.

Key Words: Bevacizumab; Colorectal cancer; Programmed cell death ligand 1 expression; First-line chemotherapy; Metastatic colorectal cancer

Core Tip: The efficacy of first line chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) plus bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer was not significantly different according to the status of tumor tissue programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) combined positive score. Further research regarding dual inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor and PD-L1/programmed death 1 axes in various tumor types including colorectal cancer is required.

INTRODUCTION

Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked the second most frequent cancer diagnosed in women and the third most frequent in men[1]. CRC represents a significant public health challenge, contributing to 8.5% of all cancer-related deaths and ranking as the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide[1]. Angiogenesis has been identified as a crucial hallmark of cancer development and has become a major target in the treatment of solid tumors, including CRC[2,3]. Tumor angiogenesis is a critical process for tumor growth and survival and is heavily reliant on the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)[4]. Treatment with bevacizumab, which is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against VEGF, could result in reduction of tumor vasculature and prevention of new blood vessel growth, impeding tumor progress. Bevacizumab-based therapy has improved the survival of patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC)[5-7]. The Food and Drug Administration approved bevacizumab as a first- or second-line treatment for mCRC when combined with chemotherapy based on survival benefit, as shown in a landmark trial.

Immunotherapy, emerging as a novel anticancer treatment has become a key strategy for combating various solid tumors. This approach primarily targets programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or programmed death 1 (PD-1), which are crucial in regulating the immune response against tumors. PD-L1 expression is controlled by various pathways, and tumors with low PD-L1 levels typically exhibit less T cell infiltration compared to those with high PD-L1 expression[8,9]. Anti-VEGF mAb inhibits angiogenesis and reduces tumor activity while also inducing hypoxia to enhance effector T cells[10-12]. PD-L1 may interact with VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), promoting cancer cell angiogenesis and metastasis[13].

PD-L1 and VEGF signaling are cross-linked, and the synergistic effect of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 inhibition and anti-angiogenic inhibition has been reported in various tumor types. However, in mCRC, there is little information regarding relationships between PD-L1 expression and clinical outcomes. Therefore, we investigated the clinical outcomes of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with mCRC according to PD-L1 expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

We analyzed all 124 metastatic CRC patients who received first-line bevacizumab and were tested for PD-L1 expression at Samsung Medical Center, Korea, between June 24, 2014 and February 28, 2022. The following clinicopathologic characteristics were collected for all 124 patients: Age, sex, tumor site, initial disease status, pathology, chemotherapy, and survival. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 2021-09-052-004) at Samsung Medical Center, and individual consent for this analysis was waived. Patients in the database were identified by patient number only, and patient information was kept confidential according to the IRB protocol. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Korea Good Clinical Practice guidelines.

Tumor samples

Samples for analysis were collected from 501 solid tumors and were processed into formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. Tumor samples were collected as biopsies at diagnosis, surgical specimens, or repeat biopsies at the time of disease progression. Although the collection times of the tumor samples were not uniform, they were all collected prior to the start of first-line bevacizumab.

PD-L1 immunohistochemistry

Tissue samples were freshly cut into 4 μm sections, mounted on Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides (ThermoFisher), and then dried at 60°C for one hour. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was carried out on a Dako Autostainer Link 48 system (Agilent Technologies) using a Dako PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx kit (Agilent Technologies) with an EnVision FLEX visualization system. The samples were then counterstained with hematoxylin according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The expression of PD-L1 protein was quantitated using a combined positive score (CPS) calculated as the number of PD-L1-stained cells (tumor cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages) divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were reported as proportions and medians. Data are presented as the n (%) for categorical variables. Response categories were assessed according to RECIST 1.1. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from the start of bevacizumab until the date of disease progression or death from any cause. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the start of bevacizumab until death from any cause. Survival analysis between the two subgroups was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the hazard ratio between the two subgroups was analyzed using Cox-proportional hazard models. All P values were two-sided, and statistical significance was set at P <0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (Armonk, NY, United States).

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

Table 1 presents the clinical characteristics including expression of PD-L1. A total of 124 patients was analyzed, with a median age was 56 years. Among the patients, 69 (56%) were male and 55 (44%) were female. Almost all patients were treated with bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI or FOLFOX as the first-line chemotherapy. Of these, 77% of patients received FOLFOX, while 23% received FOLFIRI as backbone first-line chemotherapy. When dividing patients according to tumor mutational burden (TMB) status, 99 (80%) were TMB-low and 25 (20%) were TMB-high. In this study, TMB high was defined as ≥ 10 mutations/Mb and TMB low was defined as < 10 mutations/Mb. When sorting patients according to microsatellite instability (MSI) status, 120 (97%) were MSS and 4 (3%) were MSI-high. A total of 105 patients (85%) had a PD-L1 CPS of 1 or more, 64 patients (52%) had a PD-L1 CPS of 5 or more, and 32 patients (26%) had a PD-L1 CPS of 10 or more (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

Characteristics
Number of patients	124
Age (yr)	56 (29-83)
Sex, n (%)
Male	69 (56)
Female	55 (44)
Tumor sidedness, n (%)
Right	32 (26)
Left	92 (74)
RAS mutational status, n (%)
Wild type	64 (52)
Mutation	60 (48)
TMB status, n (%)
TMB-low	99 (80)
TMB-high	25 (20)
Status of MSI (by IHC), n (%)
MSS	120 (97)
MSI-high	4 (3)
PD-L1 status, n (%)
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1	105 (85)
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5	64 (52)
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10	32 (26)
Chemotherapy backbone with bevacizumab as first-line treatment, n (%)
FOLFOX	96 (77)
FOLFIRI	28 (23)

RAS: Rat sarcoma; TMB: Tumor mutational burden; MSI: Microsatellite instability; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; MSS: Microsatellite stability; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; CPS: Combined positive score.

Tumor response to bevacizumab based on PD-L1 expression

The tumor responses to bevacizumab were partial response (PR) in 51 patients (41%), stable disease (SD) in 56 patients (45%), and disease progression (PD) in 9 patients (7%) (Table 2). We re-analyzed the tumor response to bevacizumab at cutoff values of PD-L1 CPS of 1, 5, and 10. When the PD-L1 CPS cutoff value was 1, patients with a PD-L1 CPS value of 1 or more numbered 105, and a PR was noted in 44 patients (42%), SD in 47 patients (45%), and PD in 8 patients (8%). When the PD-L1 CPS cutoff value was 5, patients with a PD-L1 CPS of 5 or more numbered 64, and a PR was noted in 29 patients (45%), SD in 16 patients (25%), and PD in 4 patients (6%). At a PD-L1 CPS cutoff of 10, patients with a PD-L1 CPS of 10 or more numbered 32, and a PR was noted in six patients (53%), SD in 10 patients (31%), and PD in 2 patients (5%).

Table 2 Tumor response to first-line chemotherapy containing bevacizumab, n (%).

Response
CR	3 (3)
PR	51 (41)
SD	56 (45)
PD	9 (7)
Unknown	5 (4)

CR: Complete response; PR: Partial response; SD: Stable disease; PD: Disease progression.

Survival outcomes according to PD-L1 expression

We analyzed patient survival with bevacizumab treatment based on the PD-L1 CPS (Table 3). At the cutoff value of one, there was no significant difference in OS and PFS with bevacizumab between patients with a PD-L1 CPS less than 1 and 1 or more (P = 0.863, and P = 0.152, respectively) (Figure 1). At a cutoff value of 5, there was no significant difference in OS and PFS with bevacizumab between patients with a PD-L1 CPS less than 5 and 5 or more (P = 0.746, and P = 0.409, respectively) (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Survival outcomes of bevacizumab-containing first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier curves of progression-free survival according to the programmed cell death ligand 1 combined positive score status. CPS: Combined positive score.

Figure 2 Survival outcomes of bevacizumab-containing first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival among enrolled patients according to the programmed cell death ligand 1 combined positive score status. CPS: Combined positive score.

Table 3 Progression-free survival and overall survival according to programmed cell death ligand 1 expression level.

	Patients, n (%)	Progression-free survival (months)	P value2	Overall survival (months)	P value2
PD-L1 CPS < 11	19 (15)	22.4 (15.63-27.30)	P = 0.152	33.7 (NA)	P = 0.863
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1	105 (85)	13.2 (14.91-20.10)		35.9 (16.84-55.02)
PD-L1 CPS < 5	60 (48)	16.7 (15.80-22.60)	P = 0.409	49.6 (20.89-78.97)	P = 0.746
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5	64 (52)	12.1 (13.81-20.47)		30.1 (24.96-34.24)
PD-L1 CPS < 10	92 (74)	13.7 (15.35-20.77)	P = 0.529	49.9 (32.10-67.77)	P = 0.529
PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10	32 (26)	13.5 (13.52-23.45)		29.6 (21.65-37.49)

¹Programmed cell death ligand 1 expression was evaluated with various immunohistochemistry platforms using 22C3 antibody and determined with combined positive score.

²Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox-proportional hazards models were used for calculating P values and hazard ratios.

PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; CPS: Combined positive score.

Also, at the cutoff value of 10, there was no significant difference in OS and PFS with bevacizumab between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 10 and 10 or more (P = 0.568, and P = 0.529, respectively) (Figures 1 and 2). Supplementary Figure 1 shows PFS and OS in the patients divided into 4 subgroups according to PD-L1 CPS, and there was no statistically significant difference between each subgroup.

DISCUSSION

This study intended to investigate the clinical outcomes of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with mCRC according to PD-L1 expression. In the present analysis, PFS and OS with chemotherapy containing bevacizumab were not different in patients with a PD-L1 CPS less than one or one or more (PD-L1 < 1% vs PD-L1 ≥ 1%; PFS: P = 0.93, OS: P = 0.33), between those with a PD-L1 CPS less than five or five or more (PD-L1 < 5% vs PD-L1 ≥ 5%; PFS: P = 0.409, OS: P = 0.746), and between those with a PD-L1 CPS less than 10 or 10 or more (PD-L1 < 10% vs PD-L1 ≥ 10%; PFS: P = 0.529, OS: P = 0.568). These findings suggest that chemotherapy containing bevacizumab can still be used as a first-line therapy in mCRC irrespective of PD-L1 expression.

In tumors, VEGF released by hypoxic cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by increasing neovascularization[14]. Simultaneously, VGEF promotes immune escape at almost every step of the cancer immunity cycle. Administration of a molecular targeted drug that inhibits VEGF, such as bevacizumab, leads to an increase in antigen presentation by dendritic cells, promotes T-cell activation, and negatively regulates the expression of immunosuppressive cells and cytokines. VEGF inhibitors reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment into an immunostimulatory environment[15]. Recently, several studies showed that PD-L1 played intrinsic roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance via an oncogenic pathway, such as the integrin B4 or STAT3 signaling pathway[16,17]. Furthermore, PD-L1 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis by participating in the c-JUN/VEGFR2 signaling axis[13]. These findings suggest that dual inhibition of the VEGF and PD-L1/PD-1 axes might yield additive and/or synergistic effects in cancer treatment. In recent studies, therapeutic activity of inhibition of the VEGF and PD-L1/PD-1 axes were reported in multiple tumor types[18-22].

In this study, we analyzed the response and survival to chemotherapy containing bevacizumab according to the status of PD-L1 CPS in patients with mCRC. Our hypothesis was that the antiangiogenic effect of bevacizumab would differ according to PD-L1 expression, indicating PD-L1 expression as a novel biomarker of bevacizumab in mCRC. However, this study showed that there was no correlation between the efficacy of bevacizumab and PD-L1 expression. The potential mechanism for this result is not yet known. Even in previous studies among patients with MSI-H mCRC, the predictive value of baseline PD-L1 level for immune checkpoint inhibitors remains unclear[23,24]. Similarly, in the recent published results of first-line FOLFOX plus bevacizumab with or without nivolumab trial showed that baseline PD-L1 CPS does not impact PFS[25]. In mCRC, further research is needed to examine the changes in PD-L1 expression during antiangiogenic treatment rather than baseline PD-L1 status.

Our study has several limitations. It had a small sample size, was retrospective in nature, and utilized a heterogeneous population, leading to bias. Second, only Asian patients with CRC were analyzed, limiting the generalizability due to differences in molecular profiles and clinical features between Western and Eastern patients with CRC. Third, the patients analyzed in this study received the anti-angiogenetic agent bevacizumab as well as cytotoxic chemotherapy, limiting conclusions on bevacizumab effects. The finding of the effect of bevacizumab based on PD-L1 expression should be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, this study showed that chemotherapy containing bevacizumab can be considered as a first-line therapy in mCRC irrespective of PD-L1 expression. Further research on dual inhibition of the VEGF and PD-L1/PD-1 axes in various tumor types including CRC is required.

CONCLUSION

This study investigated the clinical outcomes of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with mCRC according to PD-L1 expression. The findings suggest that chemotherapy containing bevacizumab could be considered as a first-line therapy in mCRC irrespective of PD-L1 expression.