Advances in immunotherapy of M2 macrophages and gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Figure 1 Tumor-associated macrophages have dual potential in the tumor microenvironment. TME: Tumor microenvironment.

Figure 2 Tumor-associated macrophages can promote tumor cell progression through a variety of pathways. CCL: CC ligand; CXCL: CXC ligand; miRNA: MicroRNA; ncRNA: Non-coding RNA; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophage.

Figure 3 Low expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine 1 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor promotes the proliferation of blood vessels and tumor cells. CCL: CC ligand; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; SPARCL1: Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine 1.

Figure 4 Imatinib combined with anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1 therapy can inhibit M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. IDO: 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; PD-1/PD-L1: Programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 5 Inhibiting the generation of M2 tumor-associated macrophages is important for tumor progression. GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; PD-1/PD-L1: Programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1; TGF: Transforming growth factor.