• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Prophages/genetics
• Prophages/physiology
• Humans
• Infant
• Metagenome
• Virome
• Female
• Feces/microbiology
• Feces/virology
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/virology
• Bacteroides/genetics
• Bacteroides/virology

• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Infant
• Female
• Milk, Human/chemistry
• Milk, Human/metabolism
• Male
• Feces/microbiology
• Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Oligosaccharides/metabolism
• Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
• Breast Feeding
• Child Development
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Infant, Newborn
• Adult

• IBS
• Western diet
• cancer
• colorectal cancer
• diet
• epigenetics
• gut health
• hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
• inflammation
• microbiome
• short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
• therapy
• ulcerative colitis (UC)

• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
• Colorectal Neoplasms/microbiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
• Epigenesis, Genetic
• Diet, Western/adverse effects
• Animals

• R01 DK125382 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R21 AT010366 NCCIH NIH HHS

• development
• formula
• growth
• infant
• intestinal flora

It is critical to characterize changes in the structure and composition of the host fungal community in natural Cryptosporidium infection, because it gives the possible overview of gut microbiome in host homeostasis and disease progression. A total of 168 rectal fecal samples were collected and examined using nPCR. The positive samples were double-checked using 18S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. After confirmation, ITS high-throughput sequencing was utilized to investigate the fungal community’s response to natural Cryptosporidium infection. Results showed that a total of three positive samples (1.79%) were identified with an increased abundance of fungi associated with health hazards, such as class Dothideomycetes, families, i.e., Cladosporiaceae, Glomerellaceae, and genera, i.e., Wickerhamomyces, Talaromyces, Cladosporium, Dactylonectria, and Colletotrichum. On the contrary, taxa associated with favorable physiological effects on the host were shown to have the reverse impact, such as families, i.e., Psathyrellaceae, Pseudeurotiaceae and genera (Beauveria, Nigrospora, and Diversispora). For the first time, we evaluated the condition of natural Cryptosporidium infection in horses in Wuhan, China, and discovered distinct variations in the fungal microbiome in response to natural infection. It might prompt a therapy or prevention strategy to apply specific fungal microorganisms that are probably responsible for decreased susceptibility or increased resistance to infection.

• Cryptosporidium infection
• fungi microbiota
• horse
• prevalence
• protozoa

A whole-grain (WG) diet affects human health in multiple ways. However, the effect of WG on the gut microbiota of the elderly individuals is still largely unknown. In this study, WG did not affect the microbial α-diversity but had a profound impact on the microbes' abundance in the elderly individuals. WG increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes. The prediction of microbial function showed that glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism were inhibited. In addition, the effects of WG on the gut microbiota of normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) individuals were different. WG increased Verrucomicrobia in the NW group and decreased Firmicutes in the OW group. Meanwhile, the effect of WG on gut microbiota showed gender characteristics, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was decreased in women, while Verrucomicrobia abundance was increased in men. The use of WG could improve the microbial composition and promote the growth of beneficial microbes, which may be beneficial to the health of the elderly individuals.

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Dysbiosis
• Gastric cancer
• Gastric microbiota
• Helicobacter pylori eradication
• Helicobacter pylori infection
• Oncogenesis

The metaproteome profiling of cecal contents collected from neonatal piglets fed pasteurized human milk (HM) or a dairy-based infant formula (MF) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21 were assessed. At PND 21, a subset of piglets from each group (n = 11/group) were euthanized, and cecal contents were collected for further metaproteome analysis. Cecal microbiota composition showed predominantly more Firmicutes phyla and Lachnospiraceae family in the lumen of cecum of HM-fed piglets in comparison to the MF-fed group. Ruminococcus gnavus was the most abundant species from the Firmicutes phyla in the cecal contents of the HM-fed piglets at 21 days of age. A greater number of expressed proteins were identified in the cecal contents of the HM-fed piglets relative to the MF-fed piglets. Greater abundances of proteins potentially expressed by Bacteroides spp. such as glycoside enzymes were noted in the cecal lumen of HM-fed piglets relative to the MF. Additionally, lyases associated with Lachnospiraceae family were abundant in the cecum of the HM group relative to the MF group. Overall, our findings indicate that neonatal diet impacts the gut bacterial taxa and microbial proteins prior to weaning. The metaproteomics data were deposited into PRIDE, PXD025432 and 10.6019/PXD025432.

• intestinal
• metaproteome
• microbiota
• neonates

• Extracellular vesicles
• Milk
• Pig
• Proteomics
• Vesicles

• Parkinson's disease
• fecal microbiota transplantation
• gut microbiota
• neuro-inflammation
• short-chain fatty acids

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In recent years, there were numerous studies on the function of stress in HTN. However, the gut dysbiosis linked to hypertension in animal models under stress is still incompletely understood. Purpose of this study is to use multiple determination method to determine the juvenile stage intestinal bacteria, cytokines and changes in hormone levels.

Four groups of juvenile male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomly selected as control and experimental groups. Rats in the two stress groups were exposed to restraint stress for 3 hours per day for 7 consecutive days. In one day three times in the method of non-invasive type tail-cuff monitoring blood pressure. The detailed mechanism was illuminated based on the intestinal change using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining and the stress-related hormone and inflammation factors were analyzed via ELISA method. The integrity of the epithelial barrier was assessed using FITC/HRP and the expression levels of proteins associated with the tight junction was detected by Western blot. The alteration of stress-related intestinal flora from ileocecal junction and distal colon were also analyzed using its 16S rDNA sequencing.

The results indicate that acute stress rapidly increases mean arterial pressure which is positive correlation to hormone concentration, especially in SHR-stress group. Meanwhile, stress promoted the enhancement of epithelial permeability accompanied with a reduced expression of the tight junction-related protein and the macrophages (Mφ) aggregation to the lamina propria. There were remarkable significant increase of stress-related hormones and pro-inflammatory factor interleukin (IL)-6 along with a decrease in the diversity of intestinal flora and an imbalance in the F/B ratio.

Our results reveal that stress accompanied with HTN could significantly disrupt the domino effect between intestinal flora and homeostasis.

• hypertension
• intestinal barrier
• intestinal flora
• juvenile rat
• macrophages
• restraint stress

• extracellular vesicles
• isolation
• milk
• purity

Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute.

The impact of human milk (HM) feeding compared with cow’s milk formula (MF) feeding on small intestinal and circulatory metabolome patterns has not been fully investigated. Therefore, 2-day-old male piglets were fed HM or MF (n = 26/group) from postnatal day 2 (PND 2) through 21 and were weaned to a solid diet until PND 51. The small intestine (gastrointestinal [GI]) contents, serum, and urine were collected from subsets of piglets at PND 21 and PND 51. Samples were subjected to primary metabolomics analyses at the West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis. The metabolome data assessment and the statistical analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst software. Compared with MF feeding, at PND 21, HM feeding resulted in a higher abundance of fucose in the jejunum and urine and a greater concentration of myo-inositol in serum. In HM-fed piglets, 1,5-anhydroglucitol was higher in the duodenum, serum, and urine at PND 21. Additionally, the HM group had higher levels of urinary kynurenic acid at PND 21. Correlations between bacterial genera and altered metabolites in ileum revealed that Turicibacter sp. and Campylobacter sp. were positively correlated with maltotriose and panose at PND 21, while ileal Campylobacter sp. was negatively correlated with fumaric acid. At PND 51, no significant metabolites were identified between HM and MF diet groups. The metabolites associated with the neonatal diets may serve as the substrates and signals that contribute to the physiological effects in HM and MF during infancy, with a subset reflecting diet-associated differences in microbial metabolism and ecology.

IMPORTANCE Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute. Due to the challenges associated with sample collection from infants fed HM or MF, their gut metabolism is poorly understood. Thus, an established piglet model from our team was used to determine the metabolite profile in relation to host, diet, and microbiota. The current study is the first to provide novel insights across the small intestine metabolism and its association with circulatory metabolites in the HM group relative to the MF group at the weaning and postweaning period. Data also demonstrate that during the neonatal period, diet, host, and microbial metabolism contribute to the lumen and circulatory metabolite profile. Furthermore, small intestinal lumen metabolome can be tracked in the urine as a biomarker of dietary differences, which would be a useful tool for clinical interventions.

• formula milk
• gut
• human milk
• metabolome
• serum
• urine

• bioavailability
• biotransformation
• gut health
• metabolic syndrome
• plant polyphenols

• Catechin/therapeutic use
• Curcumin/therapeutic use
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Metabolic Diseases/drug therapy
• Metabolic Diseases/microbiology
• Polyphenols/therapeutic use
• Quercetin/therapeutic use

• 22A20153713433 Brain Korea (BK) 21 Plus Project

• flaxseed polysaccharides
• gut microbiota
• in vitro fermentation
• simulated digestion

• Digestion
• Feces/microbiology
• Fermentation
• Flax/chemistry
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Polysaccharides/metabolism

• Diet-related bacteriophages
• Dietary intake
• Dynamics between bacteriophages and bacteria
• Giant panda
• Gut bacteriophages

• Animals
• Bacteriophages
• Feces
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Shigella
• Ursidae

• breast milk
• formula milk
• ileal RNA-seq
• immune response
• inflammation
• mucosa microbiota
• neonates

• P20 GM121293 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R21 AI146521 NIAID NIH HHS
• National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
• HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
• HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

• Microbiome
• breast milk feeding
• diet
• formula milk feeding
• initial gut microbiota

• Adolescent
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Breast Feeding
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant Formula
• Male

• R01 DA035062 NIDA NIH HHS
• R01 HD042608 NICHD NIH HHS
• UH3 OD023389 NIH HHS
• NIH Office of the Director
• National Institute on Drug Abuse
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

• Bifidobacterium
• 16S rRNA gene sequencing
• childhood eczema
• diversity
• gut microbiome
• qPCR

• breastfeeding
• formula diets
• immune system
• metabolites
• microbiota

• Animals
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bottle Feeding
• Breast Feeding
• Feces/microbiology
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant Formula/analysis
• Male
• Metabolome
• Milk, Human/metabolism

• P20 GM121293 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R21 AI146521 NIAID NIH HHS
• USDA-Agricultural Research Service Project
• NIH
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

• microbiome
• pathogens
• antimicrobial resistance
• parasitic infection

• Age Factors
• Animals
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/growth & development
• Case-Control Studies
• Child, Preschool
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Host-Parasite Interactions
• Humans
• Infant
• Intestines/microbiology
• Male
• Metagenome
• Metagenomics
• Schistosoma haematobium/pathogenicity
• Schistosomiasis haematobia/diagnosis
• Schistosomiasis haematobia/microbiology
• Schistosomiasis haematobia/parasitology
• Zimbabwe

• Wellcome Trust
• 108061/Z/15/Z Wellcome Trust

The human gut microbiome partakes in a bidirectional communication pathway with the central nervous system (CNS), named the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The microbiota–gut–brain axis is believed to modulate various central processes through the vagus nerve as well as production of microbial metabolites and immune mediators which trigger changes in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and behavior. Little is understood about the utilization of microbiome manipulation to treat disease. Though studies exploring the role of the microbiome in various disease processes have shown promise, mechanisms remain unclear and evidence-based treatments for most illnesses have not yet been developed. The animal studies reviewed here offer an excellent array of basic science research that continues to clarify mechanisms by which the microbiome may affect mental health. More evidence is needed, particularly as it relates to translating this work to human subjects. The studies presented in this paper largely demonstrate encouraging results in the treatment of depression. Limitations include small sample sizes and heterogeneous methodology. The exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota causes or alters neuropsychiatric disease states is not fully understood. In this review, we focus on recent studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of depression. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

• Depression
• Dysbiosis
• Gut microbiome

• gastrointestinal bioregions
• human milk
• infant formula
• microbiota
• piglet

• Animal Feed
• Animals
• Animals, Newborn
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Infant Formula
• Milk, Human
• Swine

• P20 GM121293 NIGMS NIH HHS

• combination-feeding
• gut microbiota
• piglet
• prebiotics
• volatile fatty acid

The immunological and metabolic status of breeding sows directly affect the overall productivity of porcine operations. Especially, maternal health status during the transition from gestation to lactation are important in maintaining health and growth of the suckling piglets. Rare earth elements (REEs) have been considered as a promising natural feed additive and been reported to exert their activity locally within the gastrointestinal tract, including effects on the bacterial microflora and on nutrient utilization. The present study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary maternal REE supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sows and their offspring. After the experiment, we found that maternal REE addition enhanced antioxidant activity and immunity of sows and their suckling piglets. At the same time, REE supplementation during perinatal period improved the reproductivity of the sows as well as the growth of their offspring. Besides, maternal REEs supply altered the intestinal microbiota community and composition of sows as well as their offspring, and Spearman correlation analysis shows that fecal bacteria are associated with the antioxidase, inflammatory factors of the sows and offspring as well as average daily gain of the suckling piglets. In addition, our results suggested that REE supplementation during both gestation and lactation are more beneficial to sows and their offspring than supplementation during only late gestation. This paper holds promise in providing efficient feeding strategies in swine production.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal supplementation with rare earth elements (REEs) on sows and their offspring. During late gestation, 120 multiparous sows were divided randomly into the control group (Basal diet) and REE-G group (Basal diet supplemented with 200 mg REE/kg). After delivery, REE-G group was further divided into two groups: REE-L- (Change to basal diet during lactation) and REE-L+ group (REE diet all the time). Our results showed that maternal REE supplementation improved the antioxidant and immunity of sows and piglets. Additionally, REE supply during late gestation significantly decreased the coefficient of within-litter variation (CV) in birth weight and increased the weaning weights and the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. During lactation, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in piglets of REE-L+ group were higher, while no difference between REE-L- and the control group. More beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were found in the REE-L+ group while some opportunistic pathogens (Proteobacteria and Campylobacter) were relatively suppressed. Fecal microbiota showed correlation with antioxidase, inflammatory factors, and average daily gain (ADG). Collectively, our findings indicated that REEs added in both gestation and lactation was more conducive to establish a healthier status for sows and their offspring.

• REE
• fecal microbiota
• offspring
• oxidative stress
• performances
• sow

The human breast milk (HBM) bacteriome is an important, continuous source of microbes to the neonate in early life, playing an important role in shaping the infant’s intestinal bacteriome. Study of the composition of the HBM bacteriome is an emerging area of research, with little information available, particularly from low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of bacterial communities in HBM samples collected between 6–10 weeks postpartum from lactating South African women and to study potential influencing factors of the bacteriome. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of samples from 554 women, we demonstrated that the HBM bacteriome was largely dominated by the phyla Firmicutes (mean relative abundance: 71.1%) and Actinobacteria (mean relative abundance: 16.4%). The most abundant genera identified from the HBM bacteriome were Streptococcus (mean relative abundance: 48.6%), Staphylococcus (mean relative abundance: 17.8%), Rothia (mean relative abundance: 5.8%), and Corynebacterium (mean relative abundance: 4.3%). “Core” bacterial genera including Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Veillonella, Gemella, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus and a genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were present in 80% of samples. HBM samples were classified, according to their bacteriome, into three major clusters, dominated by the genera Staphylococcus (cluster 1), a combination of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (cluster 2), and Streptococcus (cluster 3). The cluster groups differed significantly for Shannon and chao1 richness indices. Bacterial interactions were studied using co-occurrence networks with positive associations observed between the abundances of Staphylococcus and Corynebacteria (members of the skin microflora) and between Streptococcus, Rothia, Veillonella, and Gemella (members of the oral microflora). HBM from older mothers had a higher Shannon diversity index. The study site was associated with differences in HBM bacteriome composition (permutational multivariate analysis of variance using distance matrices (PERMANOVA), p < 0.05). No other tested socio-demographic or psychosocial factors were associated with HBM bacterial composition.

• 16S rRNA gene sequencing
• Africa
• Human breast milk
• bacterial profiles
• bacteriome
• microbiome
• psychosocial
• socio-economic

• adversity
• dysbiosis
• intestinal microbiota
• low- and middle-income countries
• preventive interventions

• Diet
• Early Life Influences
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome

• gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• humoral immunity
• cell-mediated immunity
• intestine
• microbiota

• Animal Feed
• Animals
• Animals, Newborn
• Humans
• Immunity, Cellular
• Immunity, Humoral
• Male
• Milk, Human
• Swine/immunology

• P20 GM121293 NIGMS NIH HHS

• Biotransformation
• Catechins
• Ginsenosides
• Microflora
• Personalized nutrition
• Quercetin

• Dysbiosis
• Gut microbiome
• Gut permeability
• Intestinal integrity
• SCFAs
• T2D
• Tight junctions

• 16S rRNA gene
• Geographical population
• Gut microbiota
• Microbial ecology
• Rhesus macaque
• V4-V5 hypervariable region

• Acclimatization
• Altitude
• Animals
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Biodiversity
• China
• Cluster Analysis
• DNA, Bacterial/genetics
• Feces/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Geography
• Macaca mulatta/microbiology
• Multivariate Analysis
• Phylogeny
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Sequence Analysis, DNA
• Tibet

Introduction: Compared to bovine formula (BF), breast milk (BM) has unique properties. In the newborn intestine, there is a homeostatic balance between the counterparts of the immune system, which allows a physiological inflammation, modulated by the gut microbiota. Many studies have attempted to understand the effect of BF vs. BM, and the changes in the gut microbiota, but few also focus on intestinal inflammation.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study of newborn infants during their first 3 months. In stool samples taken at 1 and 3 months (timepoints T1 and T3), we quantified calprotectin, IL-8 and α1-antitrypsin by ELISA and we evaluated the expression of IL8 and IL1β genes by RT-qPCR. To determine the microbiota composition, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs).

Results: In total 15 BM and 10 BF infants were enrolled. In the BM group, we found calprotectin and α1-antitrypsin levels were significantly elevated at T3 compared to T1; no differences were found between T1 and T3 in the BF group. A comparison between the BM and BF groups showed that calprotectin levels at T1 were lower in the BM than the BF group; this difference was not observed at T3. For IL-8 levels, we found no differences between groups. A gene expression analysis of the IL8 and IL1β genes showed that infants from the BF group at T1 have a significantly increased expression of these markers compared to the BM group. Gut microbiota analyses revealed that the phylum Bacteroidetes was higher in BM than BF, whereas Firmicutes were higher in BF. A redundancy analysis and ANOVA showed BM has a community structure statistically different to BF at T1 but not at T3. Compared to BF, BM at T1 showed a higher representation of Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Lactococcus, and Propionibacterium.

Conclusions: We found a basal state of inflammation in the infants' intestine based on inflammation markers. One month after birth, infants receiving BF exhibited higher levels of inflammation compared to BM.

• bovine formula
• breast milk
• gut microbiota
• infant cohort
• intestinal inflammation

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Gut microbiota
• Intestinal microflora
• Neurodegeneration
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics

• bifidobacteria
• gut commensals
• gut microbiota
• infants
• metagenomics
• microbiome
• microbiota
• probiotics
• virome

• Biomarkers/analysis
• Breast Feeding
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Humans
• Immune System/microbiology
• Infant
• Infant Health
• Intestinal Diseases/microbiology
• Maternal-Fetal Exchange
• Milk, Human/chemistry
• Pregnancy
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Symbiosis
• Whole Genome Sequencing

The introduction of different nutrient and energy sources during weaning leads to significant changes in the infant gut microbiota. We used an in vitro infant digestive and gut microbiota model system to investigate the effect of four commercially available cereal products based on either wheat, sorghum, rice or oats, on the gut microbiota of six infants. Our results indicated cereal additions induced numerous changes in the gut microbiota composition. The relative abundance of bacterial families associated with fibre degradation, Bacteroidaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae increased, whilst the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae decreased with cereal additions. Corresponding changes in the production of SCFAs showed higher concentrations of acetate following all cereal additions, whilst, propionate and butyrate varied between specific cereal additions. These cereal-specific variations in the concentrations of SCFAs showed a moderate correlation with the relative abundance of potential SCFA-producing bacterial families. Overall, our results demonstrated clear shifts in the abundance of bacterial groups associated with weaning and an increase in the production of SCFAs following cereal additions.

• Disease development
• Gastric microbiota
• H. pylori
• Microbiome

The human gut is the habitat for diverse and dynamic microbial ecosystem. The human microbiota plays a critical role in functions that sustain health and is a positive asset in host defenses. Establishment of the human intestinal microbiota during infancy may be influenced by multiple factors including delivery mode. Present review compiles existing evidences on the effect of delivery mode on the diversity and colonization pattern of infants gut microbiota.

Two investigators searched for relevant scientific publications from four databases (Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science). The last search was performed on September 21, 2015, using key terms ((delivery mode OR caesarean delivery OR cesarean section OR vaginal delivery) AND (gut microbiota OR gut microbiome OR gut microflora OR intestinal microflora OR microbial diversity) AND (infants OR children)). All included studies described at least two types of gut microbiota in relation to delivery mode (caesarean section vs vaginal delivery) and used fecal samples to detect gut microbiota.

Seven out of 652 retrieved studies met inclusion criteria, were included in systematic analysis. Caesarean Section (CS) was associated with both lower abundance and diversity of the phyala Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and higher abundance and diversity of the phylum Firmicute from birth to 3 months of life. At the colonization level, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides genera seems to be significantly more frequent in vaginally delivered infants compared with CS delivered. These infants were more colonized by the Clostridium, and Lactobacillus genera. From the reports, it is tempting to say that delivery mode has less effect on colonization and diversity of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus genera from the age of 6 to 12 months of life.

The diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota were significantly associated to the mode of delivery during the first three months of life, however the observed significant differences disappears after 6 months of infants life. The healthy gut microbiota is considered to promote development and maturation of the immune system while abnormal gut is considered as the major cause of severe gastrointestinal infections during the infancy. Further studies should investigate the diversity and colonization levels of infant gut microbiota in relation to the mode of delivery and its broad impact on infants’ health at each stage of life.

• Bacteroides
• Bifidobacterium
• Caesarean section
• Clostridium
• Firmicutes
• Gut microbiota
• Infants
• delivery mode
• vaginal delivery

Many factors explain dysbiosis in chronic constipation (CC), such as a low-fiber diet. The objective of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota of constipated and nonconstipated children and their intake frequencies of food. Methods. This observational study included 79 children (M/F 43/36) aged six to 36 months divided into two groups: cases (39 constipated children) and controls (40 nonconstipated children). We used a structured form to collect demographic variables, conducted anthropometric assessment, and collected food intake frequency data. The fecal microbiota of the stool samples was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the fluorophore SYBR® Green. Results. Constipated children had a smaller concentration of Lactobacillus per milligram of stool (p = 0.015) than nonconstipated children, but the concentration of Bifidobacterium per milligram of stool (p = 0.323) and the intake of fruits, vegetables (p = 0.563), and junk food (p = 0.093) of the two groups did not differ. Constipated children consumed more dairy products (0.45 ± 0.8; p > 0.001), were more frequently delivered via caesarean section (69.2%), were weaned earlier (median: 120; 60Q₁–240Q₃), and had a family history of constipation (71.8%). Conclusions. Children with CC have a smaller concentration of Lactobacillus in their stools and consume more dairy products.

• HPLC
• fucosyllactose
• human milk oligosaccharides
• lactation
• lacto-N-fucosylpentaose
• lacto-N-neotetraose
• lacto-N-tetraose
• sialyllactose

• Adult
• Breast Feeding
• China
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Delivery, Obstetric/methods
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Lactation
• Lactose/analogs & derivatives
• Lactose/analysis
• Milk, Human/chemistry
• Mothers
• Oligosaccharides/analysis
• Trisaccharides/analysis
• Urban Population/statistics & numerical data