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World J Gastrointest Endosc. Feb 16, 2010; 2(2): 54-60
Published online Feb 16, 2010. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i2.54
Published online Feb 16, 2010. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i2.54
Table 1 Causative diseases for upper GI-hemorrhage
Esophagus | Esophageal varices |
Esophagitis | |
Mallory-weiss syndrome | |
Esophageal cancer | |
Others (aortointestinal fistula, foreign body, etc.) | |
Stomach | Ulcer (peptic ulcer, NSAID-associated ulcer, dieulafoy’s lesion, etc.) |
AGML | |
Gastric varices | |
Gastric cancer | |
Other tumor (GIST, malignant lymphoma, etc.) | |
Vascular ectasia, GAVE, PHG | |
Hyperplastic polyp | |
Others (foreign body, etc.) | |
Duodenum | Ulcer (peptic ulcer, NSAID-associated ulcer, dieulafoy’s lesion, etc.) |
Duodenitis | |
Duodenal varices | |
Diverticulum | |
Tumor (cancer, malignant lymphoma, GIST, etc.) | |
Invasion of malignant tumor (pancreas, bile duct, etc.) | |
Others (hemobilia, aortointestinal fistula, etc.) |
Table 2 Method of endoscopic hemostasis
Mechanical method | Hemoclip |
Balloon tamponade | |
Ligation (EVL, detachable snare) | |
Injection method | Ethanol |
Epinephrine | |
Monoethanolamine oleate | |
Polidocanol | |
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate | |
Thermo-coagulation | APC |
Heater prove | |
Hemostatic forceps | |
Microwaves | |
Laser (Nd-YAG, diode, etc.) | |
Hemostyptic sprays | Thrombin |
Sodium alginate | |
Fibrin glue |
Table 3 Modified Forrest classification of hemorrhagic gastric ulcer
Active bleeding | Type Ia: spurting bleeding |
Type Ib: oozing bleeding | |
Recent bleeding | Type IIa: non-bleeding visible vessel |
Type IIb: adherent blood clot | |
Type IIc: black base | |
No bleeding | Type III: no stigma |
- Citation: Anjiki H, Kamisawa T, Sanaka M, Ishii T, Kuyama Y. Endoscopic hemostasis techniques for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A review. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 2(2): 54-60
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v2/i2/54.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v2.i2.54