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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Oct 16, 2022; 14(10): 597-607
Published online Oct 16, 2022. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.597
Published online Oct 16, 2022. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.597
Table 1 Data summary and comparison between patients with and without gastric intestinal metaplasia
| Level | Baseline no GIM | ||||
| Overall | No GIM | GIM | P value | ||
| 579 | 441 | 138 | |||
| Follow-up days [median (IQR)] | 885.0 (257.5, 1901.5) | 857.0 (259.0, 1834.0) | 1087.0 (260.5, 2307.3) | 0.247 | |
| Age baseline [median (IQR)] | 58.0 (49.0, 67.8) | 56.0 (46.8, 65.0) | 64.00 (54.0, 72.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex (%) | Male | 227 (39.3) | 166 (37.7) | 61 (44.2) | 0.208 |
| Female | 351 (60.7) | 274 (62.3) | 77 (55.8) | ||
| Ethnicity/Race (%) | Caucasian | 85 (15.9) | 73 (18.1) | 12 ( 9.3) | 0.032 |
| AA | 381 (71.5) | 287 (71.0) | 94 (72.9) | ||
| Hispanic | 18 ( 3.4) | 11 ( 2.7) | 7 ( 5.4) | ||
| Other | 49 ( 9.2) | 33 ( 8.2) | 16 (12.4) | ||
| Obesity (%) | BMI < 30 | 261 (56.7) | 191 (53.5) | 70 (68.0) | 0.013 |
| BMI > 30 | 199 (43.3) | 166 (46.5) | 33 (32.0) | ||
| Smoking status (%) | Never | 269 (54.8) | 207 (55.3) | 62 (53.0) | 0.198 |
| Previous | 119 (24.2) | 84 (22.5) | 35 (29.9) | ||
| Current | 103 (21.0) | 83 (22.2) | 20 (17.1) | ||
| Biopsy site (%) | ≤ 2 | 227 (39.2) | 190 (43.1) | 37 (26.8) | 0.001 |
| > 3 | 352 (60.8) | 251 (56.9) | 101 (73.2) | ||
| H. pylori at Baseline (%) | No | 499 (86.2) | 382 (86.6) | 117 (84.8) | 0.686 |
| Yes | 80 (13.8) | 59 (13.4) | 21 (15.2) | ||
| H. pylori at follow-up (%) | No | 536 (92.6) | 413 (93.7) | 123 (89.1) | 0.114 |
| Yes | 43 ( 7.4) | 28 ( 6.3) | 15 (10.9) | ||
| n | 80 | 59 | 21 | ||
| H. pylori at follow up with positive Baseline (%) | No | 65 (81.2) | 48 (81.4) | 17 (81.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 15 (18.8) | 11 (18.6) | 4 (19.0) | ||
| Gastritis (%) | No | 209 (36.1) | 180 (40.8) | 29 (21.0) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 370 (63.9) | 261 (59.2) | 109 (79.0) | ||
| Ulcer (%) | No | 534 (92.2) | 408 (92.5) | 126 (91.3) | 0.778 |
| Yes | 45 ( 7.8) | 33 ( 7.5) | 12 ( 8.7) | ||
| 81 mg Aspirin Use at Baseline (%) | No | 450 (77.7) | 347 (78.7) | 103 (74.6) | 0.379 |
| Yes | 129 (22.3) | 94 (21.3) | 35 (25.4) | ||
| 81 mg Aspirin use at follow up (%) | No | 453 (78.2) | 359 (81.4) | 94 (68.1) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 126 (21.8) | 82 (18.6) | 44 (31.9) | ||
| PPI usage at baseline (%) | No | 392 (67.7) | 285 (64.6) | 107 (77.5) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 187 (32.3) | 156 (35.4) | 31 (22.5) | ||
| PPI usage at follow up (%) | No | 318 (54.9) | 233 (52.8) | 85 (61.6) | 0.088 |
| Yes | 261 (45.1) | 208 (47.2) | 53 (38.4) | ||
| Blood type (%) | A | 72 (31.2) | 47 (28.7) | 25 (37.3) | 0.317 |
| B | 42 (18.2) | 28 (17.1) | 14 (20.9) | ||
| O | 109 (47.2) | 82 (50.0) | 27 (40.3) | ||
| AB | 8 ( 3.5) | 7 ( 4.3) | 1 ( 1.5) | ||
| Hemoglobin [median (IQR)] | 11.2 (9.2, 12.8) | 11.5 (9.5, 13.0) | 10.5 (9.0, 12.2) | 0.075 | |
| Hemoglobin Baseline [median (IQR)] | 10.8 (9.2, 12.8) | 11.8 (9.7, 13.1) | 9.60 (8.40, 11.00) | < 0.001 | |
Table 2 Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model results for gastric intestinal metaplasia formation over time
| Predictor | GIM | |
| HR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
| Age (ref: ≤ 45) | ||
| 46-55 | 2.13 (1.08, 4.19) | 0.028 |
| 56-65 | 2.09 (1.08, 4.03) | 0.029 |
| > 65 | 4.03 (2.17, 7.48) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) | 0.229 |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref: Caucasians) | ||
| African American | 2.12 (1.16, 3.87) | 0.015 |
| Hispanic | 2.79 (1.09, 7.13) | 0.032 |
| Other | 3.19 (1.50, 6.76) | 0.003 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30) | 0.58 (0.38, 0.88) | 0.010 |
| Gastritis | 1.62 (1.07, 2.44) | 0.022 |
| H. pylori (ref: Baseline: Neg, follow-up: Neg) | ||
| Baseline: Neg, follow-up: Pos | 0.88 (0.45, 1.7) | 0.695 |
| Baseline: Pos, follow-up: Neg | 1.16 (0.7, 1.94) | 0.563 |
| Baseline: Pos, follow-up: Pos | 1.02 (0.37, 2.8) | 0.966 |
| PPI Usage at follow-up | 0.81 (0.57, 1.14) | 0.225 |
| PPI Usage Baseline | 0.80 (0.54, 1.20) | 0.280 |
| Aspirin Use at follow-up (81 mg) | 1.49 (1.04, 2.14) | 0.031 |
| Aspirin Use Baseline (81 mg) | 1.45 (0.98, 2.13) | 0.063 |
| Smoking status (ref: Never) | ||
| Previous smoker | 1.35 (0.89, 2.04) | 0.161 |
| Current smoker | 1.01 (0.61, 1.68) | 0.972 |
| Blood group (ref: Group A) | ||
| Blood group B | 1.07 (0.56, 2.07) | 0.835 |
| Blood group O | 0.66 (0.38, 1.14) | 0.135 |
| Blood group AB | 0.24 (0.03, 1.77) | 0.161 |
| Haemoglobin level at follow-up | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.962 |
| Haemoglobin level at baseline | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.001 |
Table 3 Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model results for gastric intestinal metaplasia formation over time
| HR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Age at baseline (ref: ≤ 45) | ||
| 46-55 | 1.75 (0.67, 4.58) | 0.255 |
| 56-65 | 1.44 (0.56, 3.68) | 0.445 |
| > 65 | 3.01 (1.25, 7.26) | 0.014 |
| Female | 0.8 (0.48, 1.33) | 0.384 |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref: Caucasians) | ||
| African American | 3.4 (1.16, 9.95) | 0.026 |
| Hispanic | 1.64 (0.28, 9.47) | 0.582 |
| Other | 7.46 (2.26, 24.67) | 0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.2) | 0.201 |
| Gastritis | 1.65 (0.97, 2.81) | 0.065 |
| H. pylori (ref: Baseline: Neg, follow-up: Neg) | ||
| Baseline: Neg, follow-up: Pos | 1.26 (0.53, 2.98) | 0.602 |
| Baseline: Pos, follow-up: Neg | 0.6 (0.26, 1.37) | 0.223 |
| Baseline: Pos, follow-up: Pos | 1.13 (0.34, 3.76) | 0.847 |
| Smoking (ref: Never) | ||
| Previous | 0.96 (0.56, 1.65) | 0.876 |
| Current | 0.74 (0.38, 1.47) | 0.398 |
- Citation: Ahmad AI, Lee A, Caplan C, Wikholm C, Pothoulakis I, Almothafer Z, Raval N, Marshall S, Mishra A, Hodgins N, Kang IG, Chang RK, Dailey Z, Daneshmand A, Kapadia A, Oh JH, Rodriguez B, Sehgal A, Sweeney M, Swisher CB, Childers DF, O'Connor C, Sequeira LM, Cho W. Gastric intestinal metaplasia development in African American predominant United States population. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14(10): 597-607
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v14/i10/597.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.597