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©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Oct 16, 2022; 14(10): 597-607
Published online Oct 16, 2022. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.597
Published online Oct 16, 2022. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i10.597
Gastric intestinal metaplasia development in African American predominant United States population
Akram I Ahmad, Ioannis Pothoulakis, Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, United States
Arielle Lee, Claire Caplan, Colin Wikholm, Zaynab Almothafer, Nishtha Raval, Samantha Marshall, Ankit Mishra, Nicole Hodgins, In Guk Kang, Raymond K Chang, Zachary Dailey, Arvin Daneshmand, Anjani Kapadia, Jae Hak Oh, Brittney Rodriguez, Abhinav Sehgal, Matthew Sweeney, Christopher B Swisher, Daniel F Childers, Corinne O'Connor, Lynette M Sequeira, Won Cho, Department of Internal Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, United States
Won Cho, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, INOVA Medical System, Leesburg, VA 20176, United States
Author contributions: Ahmad AI and Cho W contributed to the study designing and wrote the manuscript; Ahmad AI, Cho W, Lee A and Pothoulakis I contributed to the manuscript edit; Lee A, Caplan C, Wikholm C performed the project coordinator; Lee A, Caplan C, Almothafer Z, Raval N, Marshall S, Hodgins N, Kang IG, Chang RK, Dailey Z, Daneshmand A, Kapadia A, Oh JH, Rodriguez B, Sehgal A, Sweeney M, Swisher CB, Childers DF, Mishra A, O'Connor C and Sequeira LM contributed to the data collection.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Medstar Health Research Institute and Georgetown University Hospital Institutional Review Board.
Informed consent statement: The study was exempt from informed consent based on the MedStar Health Research Institute IRB committee.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: Technical appendix, statistical code, and dataset available from the corresponding author at Akram.i.ahmad@medstar.net .
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Akram I Ahmad, MBBS, Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20010, United States. akram.i.ahmad@medstar.net
Received: July 17, 2022
Peer-review started: July 17, 2022
First decision: August 19, 2022
Revised: September 1, 2022
Accepted: September 21, 2022
Article in press: September 21, 2022
Published online: October 16, 2022
Processing time: 86 Days and 10.7 Hours
Peer-review started: July 17, 2022
First decision: August 19, 2022
Revised: September 1, 2022
Accepted: September 21, 2022
Article in press: September 21, 2022
Published online: October 16, 2022
Processing time: 86 Days and 10.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a precancerous lesion, and previous literature showed a higher rate in the United States minorities. Our study highlighted the natural history of GIM over time. It was observed in the study that irrespective of being minorities, Non-Caucasian races/ethnicities have a higher risk for GIM. Gastritis and older age contribute to GIM formation. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection was not significant in our population.