Malpractice claims for endoscopy

Abstract

AIM: To summarize the magnitude and time trends of endoscopy-related claims and to compare total malpractice indemnity according to specialty and procedure.

METHODS: We obtained data from a comprehensive database of closed claims from a trade association of professional liability insurance carriers, representing over 60% of practicing United States physicians. Total payments by procedure and year were calculated, and were adjusted for inflation (using the Consumer Price Index) to 2008 dollars. Time series analysis was performed to assess changes in the total value of claims for each type of procedure over time.

RESULTS: There were 1901 endoscopy-related closed claims against all providers from 1985 to 2008. The specialties include: internal medicine (n = 766), gastroenterology (n = 562), general surgery (n = 231), general and family practice (n = 101), colorectal surgery (n = 87), other specialties (n = 132), and unknown (n = 22). Colonoscopy represented the highest frequencies of closed claims (n = 788) and the highest total indemnities ($54 093 000). In terms of mean claims payment, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) ranked the highest ($374  794) per claim. Internists had the highest number of total claims (n = 766) and total claim payment ($70  730  101). Only total claim payments for colonoscopy and ERCP seem to have increased over time. Indeed, there was an average increase of 15.5% per year for colonoscopy and 21.9% per year for ERCP after adjusting for inflation.

CONCLUSION: There appear to be differences in malpractice coverage costs among specialties and the type of endoscopic procedure. There is also evidence for secular trend in total claim payments, with colonoscopy and ERCP costs rising yearly even after adjusting for inflation.

Key Words: Complications, Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram, Medical malpractice

INTRODUCTION

Endoscopies are being performed at an increasing rate for the last decade[1]. Endoscopic procedures are also becoming more complicated as interventional techniques are used more widely. Despite increasing national awareness of medical errors, and the high costs of associated malpractice, there is a lack of data sources from which to understand the incidence and trends of errors resulting in major injuries during endoscopic procedures.

Traditionally, the main source of information on endoscopy-related errors comes from institutional morbidity and mortality conferences. However, this and other self-reporting methods are known to underestimate the true incidence of complications[2]. In general and vascular surgery, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program has become a platform for validated, risk-adjusted outcome comparisons between institutions, however, only a select minority of hospitals have implemented the program, and similar registries have not been as widely accepted in other interventional subspecialties.

Aligned with value-based purchasing by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the American College of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy have advocated for measuring endoscopy quality indicators. As preventing errors is linked to quality, endoscopists increasingly are recognizing the importance of understanding and benchmarking endoscopic errors at a national level.

Claims in malpractice litigation offer an opportunity to study major iatrogenic injuries. In a study by Studdert et al[3], trained reviewers examined 1500 closed claims of alleged medical injuries from negligence and found that 97% of closed claims involved injury, of which 63% resulted from error. In another study of surgical claims[4], technical errors accounted for about half of the cases. A study by Conklin et al[5] focusing on gastroenterologists showed that 25% of claims were due to improper performance of an endoscopic procedure, but further information such as type of endoscopies were not described. In addition, endoscopies in the United States are also performed by non-gastroenterologists, and there have been no studies to our knowledge that have looked into malpractice information in this population.

Our aim is to provide a synopsis of the magnitude and time trends of endoscopy-related claims and to compare total malpractice indemnity according to specialty and procedure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We obtained summary-level data from a comprehensive database of closed claims against physicians who are members of the Physicians Insurers Association of America (PIAA), which is a trade association of professional liability companies owned by physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers. PIAA, which has the largest database of malpractice claims in the nation, insures over 300  000 doctors and 1300 hospitals, representing over 60% of United States doctors and underwrites 46% or $5.2 billion of the total medical liability industry premium. The closed claims represented data from all 50 states from January 1985 up to December 2008.

Due to confidentiality agreements with member companies, the PIAA is unable to provide specific geographic information. The de-identified data is therefore not traceable to the provider. PIAA collects data based on information provided by the member liability insurance company which covered the physician. The professional coder from the liability insurance company codes the condition, care rendered, and outcome by complying with PIAA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were all endoscopic procedures (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD; colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy; rigid proctosigmoidoscopy; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP; and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, PEG) that resulted in closed claims during the study period. There was no identifiable code available for endoscopic ultrasound at the time of the study.

Etiologies of claims were categorized by PIAA coders according to a priori definition of errors. Improper performance is defined as an endoscopic procedure that was done incorrectly. An example is an ERCP with improperly placed stent that led to a fatal complication. Diagnosis error is resulted from failure to diagnose or providing an incorrect diagnosis. Data on total and average payment to plaintiffs for claims were provided according to specialty but not to type of procedure.

A claim is a written demand for compensation for medical injury within the statute of limitations of a jurisdiction. A claim can be closed in one of four possible ways: (1) at the end of a trial by final judgment; (2) at any point before the end of the trial when the case is settled with a payment; (3) when the case is voluntarily dropped by the plaintiff; or (4) if the defendant successfully files a motion to dismiss the case when there is a valid legal basis to do so. Thus, a claim may be closed with or without indemnity payment, which is defined as the sum of money paid in compensation for injury.

Statistical analysis

Total payments by procedure and year were calculated, and were adjusted for inflation (using the consumer price index) to 2008 dollars. We then focused on time series analysis to see how the total value of claims for each type of procedure changed over time. Two models were used: a linear least-squares regression model, which will show the average absolute growth in total claims (in adjusted dollars) per year; and an exponential least-squares regression model, which will derive the average percent growth. The ability of these models to describe the data is captured in the value of R². A value of zero means that the model has no explanatory power, while a value of one indicates that the total claim value can be perfectly deduced from the year.

RESULTS

There were 1901 endoscopy-related closed claims against all providers from 1985 to 2008. The specialties include: internal medicine (n = 766), gastroenterology (n = 562), general surgery (n = 231), general and family practice (n = 101), colorectal surgery (n = 87), other specialties (n = 132), and unknown (n = 22). Over 98% resulted in physical injury, which was generally severe (25.8% resulted in deaths and 40.7% resulted in significant or major disability). Close to 70% of all cases were dropped by the plaintiff or dismissed by the court before the trial was concluded. An additional 5% of cases were won by the defendant at trial.

Closed claims against gastroenterologists from 1985 to 2006 that involve endoscopies are shown in Table 1. The majority resulted from improper performance of an endoscopic procedure, followed by diagnosis error. Right and left-sided colon cancers were almost equally represented. Closed claims involving colon cancer according to location were as follows: cecum (n = 3), hepatic flexure (n = 2), transverse colon (n = 2), rectosigmoid junction (n = 6), rectum (n = 3), and unspecified location (n = 5).

Table 1 Endoscopy claims against gastroenterologists (1985 to 2006) n (%).

Etiology of claims	Frequency (n = 341)
Improper performance	175 (51.3)
Diagnosis error (failure, incorrect)	59 (17.3)
Meritless (no clear evidence)	35 (10.3)
Failure to supervise or monitor	17 (4.9)
Not indicated/contraindicated	14 (4.1)
Failure to recognize complication	12 (3.5)
Failure to communicate with patient	6 (1.8)
Delay in performance	4 (1.2)
Others	19 (5.6)

Colonoscopy, followed by sigmoidoscopy (flexible and rigid) represented the highest frequencies of closed claims and the highest total indemnities (Table 2). In terms of average cost per claim, ERCP ranked the highest.

Table 2 Endoscopy claims by specialty against all providers according to procedure, ranked according to total claims payment to plaintiffs (1985-2008) (n = 1901).

Procedure	Closed claims	Total paid claims	Total claim payments ($)	Mean claim payments ($)
Colonoscopy	788	216	54 093 000	250 430.56
Flexible sigmoidoscopy	513	182	28 674 000	157 549.45
ERCP	217	67	25 207 000	376 223.88
Rigid proctoscopy	125	51	15 726 000	308 352.94
EGD	209	47	9 666 000	205 659.57
PEG	49	7	2 598 000	371 142.86
Internal medicine	766	-	70 730 101	261 963
Gastroenterology	562	-	30 841 008	250 740
General surgery	231	-	13 305 060	187 395
General/family practice	101	-	7 288 674	186 889
Colorectal surgery	87	-	6 593 000	286 652
Other specialties	154	-	7 206 157	163 776

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; PEG: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Table 2 shows the average and total indemnity comparing the various specialties that perform endoscopies. Internists had the highest number of total claims and total claim payment. Figure 1 shows the total claim payments over time according to procedure. For procedures such as EGD which sometimes have only one or two closed claims per year, one very large payment can skew these averages. Colonoscopy and ERCP have had many more paid claims, and for these procedures there is a clear increase in average claim payment. Indeed, there appears to have been an average increase of 15.5% per year for colonoscopy and 21.9% per year for ERCP after adjusting for inflation.

Figure 1 Total claim payments by procedure type, adjusted to 2008 dollars, together with 5-year moving averages (y-axis, total claim payments in dollars; X-axis, years), showing an increasing temporal trend for colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

In the time period covered, closed claims for PEG procedures were recorded during only six of the years studied, thus there was insufficient data for analysis. For the other procedures, an exponential model fit the data better than a linear model in three of the four cases. Table 3 shows both the absolute and percentage increase (in real dollars) of the average value of claims. Of note, the total sigmoidoscopy claims have been declining on average since 1985. The data from which these regression figures were calculated is shown in Figure 1.

Table 3 Absolute percentage increase of average closed claims.

	Linear increase/yr ($)	Model R2	Expon increase/yr, %	Model R2
Colonoscopy	229 000	0.3976	12.59	0.4874
ERCP	122 000	0.5098	19.06	0.4076
EGD	23 000	0.0567	7.53	0.1697
Sigmoidoscopy	-93 000	0.1873	-4.6	0.1938

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

DISCUSSION

Our study shows that from the standpoint of insurers, internists who perform endoscopies had the highest total claim payment, costing over twice than gastroenterologists in terms of compensation for negligence. The largest total indemnities resulted from colonoscopies and sigmoidoscopies, but only colonoscopy and ERCP have been increasing over time. This could reflect the increasing number of colonoscopies performed per year and the increasing number of endoscopists who perform ERCPs.

The annual cost of the United States medical liability system is estimated to be $55.6 billion[6]. According to the United States Government Accountability Office, the primary driver in medical liability insurance industry economics is the rising average cost of indemnity, which leads to rising premiums that has affected gastroenterologists and non-gastroenterologists alike. Although the specialty of gastroenterology has always been viewed as low-risk for medical malpractice lawsuit, a recent seminal study[7] has shown that gastroenterology ranks six out of 25, before obstetrics and gynecology, in terms of proportion of physicians facing malpractice claims.

Our data have several limitations. PIAA produces summary data making us unable to cross-reference variables and to assess inter-relationships between any predictors. There is no information on individuals who do not sue. However, these claims represent the most significant injuries that merit attention. Also, no chart validation studies were performed to confirm robustness of findings. The denominator, or the total number of physicians per specialty who perform endoscopies is unknown, so our data reflect frequencies and not proportions. Internists had higher cost per claim, but we do not know if there is higher cost per insured internist because the denominator is not available. It is possible that gastroenterologists were misclassified as internists, but sued doctors self-classified themselves, of which the PIAA coders used in data collecting. Thus, we believe a gastroenterologist would have no incentive to classify him or herself as an internist.

There are also several factors other than legal merit that determines whether claims are paid in litigation, such as severity of injury. Thus, we realize that the legal definition of negligence (or failure to use reasonable care) is not necessarily synonymous with genuine error in all instances. Typically, there is a hierarchy as to what people consider preventable injury-there are those caused by error, of which some involved negligence, but usually all negligence involves error.

However despite our limited data resource, our study provides useful, unprecedented information on litigations related to endoscopy. All closed claims are likely captured by the collaborative PIAA database. Because of the economics of litigation, these cases typically represent those involving serious injuries.

In summary, closed malpractice claims data yielded important information on alleged injuries resulting from endoscopy. We found discrepancies in malpractice costs among specialties and the type of procedure. There is also evidence for secular trend in total claim payments, with colonoscopy and ERCP costs rising yearly after adjusting for inflation.

Malpractice insurers might use this information to scale their premiums according to both specialty and type of endoscopy performed, allowing a risk differential payment structure. They may also incentivize simulation training, credentialing, or other regulatory strategies, and to sponsor safety improvement efforts to reduce their exposure. Gastroenterologists are to be held accountable for managing risks of errors[8] in endoscopy by adhering to standards of practice, especially when performing ERCP[9,10] (adequate training and yearly volume) or colonoscopy[11] (minimize colon cancer miss rates and ensure proper documentation). The limitations of our retrospective data highlight the need for a comprehensive, perhaps even a prospective, nationwide database at an individual level to capture the incidence rates of major adverse events and errors, and to design interventions that can reduce iatrogenic injuries resulting from substandard endoscopy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Dr. Atul Gawande of the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) in Boston, MA who facilitated our collaboration at HSPH. We also thank Ms. Jacque Dresen for assisting in the manuscript.

COMMENTS

Background

Little is known about major endoscopy-related errors categorized by procedure and specialty, and time trends.

Research frontiers

In general and vascular surgery, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program has become a platform for validated, risk-adjusted outcome comparisons between institutions, however only a select minority of hospitals have implemented the program, and it has not been highly developed for other fields that involve procedures.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Authors obtained summary-level data from a comprehensive database of closed claims against physicians who are members of the Physicians Insurers Association of America (PIAA), which is a trade association of professional liability companies owned by physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers.

Applications

Their study provides useful, unprecedented information on litigations related to endoscopy. All closed claims are likely captured by the collaborative PIAA database. Because of the economics of litigation, these cases typically represent those involving serious injuries.

Peer review

In this study the investigators compare and contrast major endoscopy-related errors for which insurance claims were filed, categorized by procedure and specialty, and time trends. They also compared total malpractice indemnity by specialty and procedure. The data was acquired from a database of closed claims from a trade association of professional liability insurance carriers, and covers approximately 60% of United States physicians in all 50 states. A total of 1901 endoscopy-related closed claims were found against all providers from 1985 to 2008. Colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) had highest dollar value per claim. Internists had the highest number of total claims and total claim payment. Corrected for inflation, only total claim payments for colonoscopy and ERCP seem to have increased over time. The study was retrospective and showed rates, not proportions.