• diagnostics
• double-balloon enteroscopy
• inflammatory lesions
• small bowel

• Bleeding per rectum
• Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
• children
• hyperpigmentation
• melanotic spots
• misdiagnosis

• Capsule endoscopy
• Colon capsule endoscopy
• Esophageal capsule endoscopy
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Small bowel capsule endoscopy
• Wireless capsule endoscopy

• Crohn disease
• NSAID enteropathy
• terminal ileum

Although the role of capsule endoscopy (CE) in Crohn's disease (CD) has expanded, CE is not used routinely for diagnosing and evaluating CD in Korea. We aimed to investigate current patterns of practice and evaluate the clinical significance of the use of CE in CD in Korean patients.

Among 651 CE procedures performed for various indications, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who underwent CE in 57 cases of suspected CD (sCD) and 14 cases of established CD (eCD).

In the sCD group, CE was most commonly used for the initial diagnosis of CD (54.4%). Capsule retention was found in only 1 patient in the eCD group (1/71, 1.4%). In the sCD group, 28.1% of patients were diagnosed with CD on the basis of CE findings; other diseases diagnosed included tuberculous enteritis (7.0%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy (5.3%), and other enteritis (17.5%). Only 11.5% of patients with eCD (14/122) underwent CE. The indication for CE in the 14 patients with eCD was to assess disease extent and activity. The overall diagnostic yield of CE was 59.7%. Therapeutic strategies were changed in 70.2% of patients in the sCD group and 50% of those in the eCD group based on CE findings.

In clinical practice, CE was most commonly indicated for the initial diagnosis of CD and was not generally performed in patients with eCD. CE appears to be an effective diagnostic modality for evaluating sCD and is useful for determining therapeutic strategies for patients with sCD and those with eCD.

• Capsule endoscopy
• Crohn disease
• Indication
• Therapeutic plan

• Animals
• Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use
• Capsule Endoscopes/veterinary
• Dog Diseases/diagnosis
• Dog Diseases/drug therapy
• Dogs
• Female
• Omeprazole/therapeutic use
• Stomach Ulcer/diagnosis
• Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy
• Stomach Ulcer/veterinary
• Sucralfate/therapeutic use

Ileitis is defined as inflammation of the ileum. This condition includes ulcers, aphthous ulcers, erosions, and nodular or erythematous mucosa. Various etiologies are associated with ileitis. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, infectious conditions, neoplasms, infiltrative disorders, vasculitides, spondyloarthritis, endometriosis, and radiation therapy-related conditions involve the ileum. However, the differential diagnosis of terminal ileitis can be difficult in many cases. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become a useful tool for the diagnosis of a variety of small bowel lesions. This review describes each of the various conditions associated with ileitis and the diagnostic value of VCE for ileitis, which may help identify and evaluate these conditions in clinical practice. Based on the information provided by VCE, a definitive diagnosis could be made using the patients' medical history, clinical course, laboratory and ileocolonoscopic findings, radiologic imaging findings, and histologic findings.

• Angiodysplasia
• Double-balloon enteroscopy
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Polyp
• Small bowel disease

• Abdominal Pain/etiology
• Administration, Oral
• Administration, Rectal
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Cathartics/administration & dosage
• Chi-Square Distribution
• Child
• Double-Balloon Enteroscopy/adverse effects
• Female
• Humans
• Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Intestinal Diseases/pathology
• Intestinal Diseases/therapy
• Intestinal Perforation/etiology
• Laxatives/administration & dosage
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Retrospective Studies
• Tertiary Care Centers
• Treatment Outcome
• Turkey

Whipple's disease is a chronic infectious systemic disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Nondeforming arthritis is frequently an initial complaint. Gastrointestinal and general symptoms include marked diarrhoea (with serious malabsorption), abdominal pain, prominent weight loss, and low-grade fever. Possible neurologic symptoms (up to 20%) might be associated with worse prognosis. Diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and small intestinal histology revealing foamy macrophages containing periodic-acid-Schiff- (PAS-) positive material. Long-term (up to one year) antibiotic therapy provides a favourable outcome in the vast majority of cases. This paper provides review of the literature and an analysis of our 5 patients recorded within a 20-year period at a tertiary gastroenterology centre. Patients were treated using i.v. penicillin G or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid + i.v. gentamicin for two weeks, followed by p.o. doxycycline (100 mg per day) plus p.o. salazopyrine (3 g per day) for 1 year. Full remission was achieved in all our patients.

• Capsule endoscopy
• Malabsorption
• Pillcam Colon 2
• Whipple’s disease

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a systemic vascular disorder characterized by severe bronchial asthma, hypereosinophilia, and allergic rhinitis. Small intestinal ulcers associated with CSS are a relatively rare manifestation that causes gastrointestinal bleeding. Multiple deep ulcers with an irregular shape are characteristic of small intestinal involvement of CSS. Video-capsule-endoscopy (VCE), double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) and Spirus assisted enteroscopy have been developed recently and enabled observation of the small intestine. In this case report, we have described a patient with CSS who had multiple deep ulcers in the jejunum detected by oral DBE. Since severe gastrointestinal (GI) involvement has been identified as an independent factor associated with poor outcome, the careful investigation of GI tract must be needed for CSS patients with GI symptoms. We describe the usefulness of DBE for diagnosis of small intestinal ulcers in patient with CSS.

• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Small intestinal ulcers
• Double-balloon endoscopy

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small bowel injury is a topic that deserves attention since the advent of capsule endoscopy and balloon enteroscopy. NSAID enteropathy is common and is mostly asymptomatic. However, massive bleeding, stricture, or perforation may occur. The pathogenesis of small intestine injury by NSAIDs is complex and different from that of the upper gastrointestinal tract. No drug has yet been developed that can completely prevent or treat NSAID enteropathy. Therefore, a long-term randomized study in chronic NSAID users is needed.

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Small intestinal injury
• Prevention
• Treatment

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an inherited, autosomal dominant disorder distinguished by hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and pigmented mucocutaneous lesions. Prevalence of PJS is estimated from 1 in 8300 to 1 in 280 000 individuals. PJS predisposes sufferers to various malignancies (gastrointestinal, pancreatic, lung, breast, uterine, ovarian and testicular tumors). Bleeding, obstruction and intussusception are common complications in patients with PJS. Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) allows examination and treatment of the small bowel. Polypectomy using DBE may obviate the need for repeated urgent operations and small bowel resection that leads to short bowel syndrome. Prophylaxis and polypectomy of the entire small bowel is the gold standard in PJS patients. Intraoperative enteroscopy (IOE) was the only possibility for endoscopic treatment of patients with PJS before the DBE era. Both DBE and IOE facilitate exploration and treatment of the small intestine. DBE is less invasive and more convenient for the patient. Both procedures are generally safe and useful. An overall recommendation for PJS patients includes not only gastrointestinal multiple polyp resolution, but also regular lifelong cancer screening (colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound of the pancreas, chest X-ray, mammography and pelvic examination with ultrasound in women, and testicular examination in men). Although the incidence of PJS is low, it is important for clinicians to recognize these disorders to prevent morbidity and mortality in these patients, and to perform presymptomatic testing in the first-degree relatives of PJS patients.

• Gastrointestinal endoscopy
• Intraoperative period
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Hamartoma

• capsule endoscopy
• small intestine
• gastrointestinal hemorrhage
• crohn’s disease
• gastro-intestinal neoplasms
• intestinal polyposis

• Capsule Endoscopy/methods
• Humans
• Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Intestinal Diseases/pathology
• Intestine, Small/pathology