Long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel insights into their mechanism

Table 1 Upregulated long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

Name	Gene locus	Size (bp)	Dysregulation	Potential role in HCC	Ref.
HULC	6p24.3	1638	Upregulated	Associate with HBV infection or histological grade. Associate with tumor growth	[22,29,44-50]
H19	11p15.5	2660	Upregulated	Suppress progression, metastasis. Promote cell proliferation	[22,29,50-57]
TUC338	12q13.13	590	Upregulated	Increased in liver cirrhosis. Modulate cell growth	[58]
MALAT1	11q13.1	8708	Upregulated	Associate with tumor metastasis, recurrence	[21,22,29,59,60]
HOTAIR	12q13.13	12649	Upregulated	Associate with invasion and metastasis. Increases chemosensitivity	[21,22,29,61-65]
HOTTIP	7p15.2	6839	Upregulated	Associate with tumor progression and disease outcome	[28,66-68]
HEIH	5q35.3	1665	Upregulated	Associated with HBV-HCC. Associate with prognosis	[21,29,69]
MDIG	3q11.2	30635	Upregulated	Associate with DNA repair and prognosis	[70]
PVT1	8q24.21	210626	Upregulated	Associate with HCC progression and predict recurrence	[71,72]
Linc00974	17q21.31	4890	Upregulated	Predict tumor growth and metastasis	[73]
UFC1	1q23.3	5113	Upregulated	Promote HCC cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis and induce cell cycle progression	[10,12,74]
PCNA-AS1	20p12.3	384	Upregulated	Promote tumor growth	[75]
UCA1	19p13.12	7375	Upregulated	Involved in chemotherapeutic resistance. Associatewith TNM stage, metastasis and postoperative survival	[50,76]
CCAT1	8q24.21	11887	Upregulated	Promotes HCC progression	[77-79]
ATB	19q13.3	2895	Upregulated	Associat with poor prognosis	[80,81]
URHC	2q24.2	192173	Upregulated	Promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis	[82]

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HULC: Highly upregulated in liver cancer; MALAT1: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; HOTAIR: HOX transcript antisense RNA; HEIH: Long noncoding RNA high expression in HCC; CCAT1: Colon cancer associated transcript-1; ATB: Long noncoding RNA-activated by transforming growth factor-β; URHC: Up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; TNM: Tumor node metastasis.

Table 2 Downregulated long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

Name	Gene locus	Size (bp)	Dysregulation	Potential role in HCC	Ref.
MEG3 (GTL2)	14q32.3	34919	Downregulated	Associate with methylation. Predictive biomarker for monitoring epigenetic therapy	[21,83-87]
LncRNA-LET	15q24.1	2606	Downregulated	Reduces hepatic invasion and abdominal metastases	[88]
PTENP1	9p13.3	3917	Downregulated	Repress the tumorigenic properties of HCC cells	[22,89]
SRHC	5p15.31	6365	Downregulated	Inhibit cancer proliferation	[90]
MT1DP	16q13	1255	Downregulated	Act as a tumor suppressor. Overexpression of MT1DP decreases cell proliferation but increases apoptosis	[91]

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MT1DP: Metallothionein 1D, pseudogene; MEG3: Maternally expressed gene 3; LncRNA: Long noncoding RNA.