Micro RNAs in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Summary of in vitro studies of miRNAs relevant to fatty liver

Model	miRNAs	Biological effect	Validated targets	Ref.
L02	miRNA-10b	Inc expr, decrease steatosis	PPARA	[10]
Huh7	miR-181d	Inc expr, decrease steatosis	Not determined	[11]
Huh7 and Hep3B	miR-122	Dec exp, decrease steatosis	SOCS3	[14]
HepG2	miR-613	Incr exp, increase steatosis	LXRα	[15]
HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes	miR-107	Incr expression, increase steatosis	FASN	[16]

Table 2 MiRNAs associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

miRNA	Species	Model	Ref.
Downregulation of miR-122, miR-451, and miR-27a and upregulation of miR-429, miR- 200a, and miR-200b	Sprague-dawley rats	High fat diet induced NASH vs standard diet	[18]
Upregulation of miR-146a, miR-210, miR-29c, miR-103, miR-20b.5p, miR-106b, miR-212, miR-31, miR-10a, miR-203, miR-27b, miR-199a, miR-107, let-7b, and downregulation of miR-33, miR-145, miR-196b, miR-93, let-7d, miR-19	Sprague-dawley rats	High fat diet induced NASH vs steatosis	[7]
miR-15b	Sprague-dawley rats	High fat diet induced NASH vs standard diet	[19]
Decreased expression miR-29c, and increased expression miR-34a, miR-155, and miR-200b	C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice	methyl-deficient diet induced NASH	[17]
Decreased miR-467b	C57BL/6J mice	High fat diet vs standard diet	[20]
Increased miR-103 and miR-107	C57BL/6J mice	High fat diet vs standard diet	[22]
Decreased miR-21	C57BL/6J mice	High fat diet vs standard diet	[23]
miR-122 decreased in all strains, while expression of miR-34a, miR-200b, and miR-181a	A/J, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, 129S/SvImJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ strains	choline- and folate-deficient diet	[24]
miR-122 (-/-)	129SvJ	Steatosis on a Normal Diet	[25]
miR-155 (-/-)	C57BL/6	High fat diet vs standard diet	[26]
Up regulation of miR-122, miR-24, miR-195a, miR-106b, miR-15b, miR-802, miR-185, miR-214, miR-378, and let-7c; downregulation of miR-224, miR-126, miR-7a, miR-128, miR-455, miR-452, miR-135b, miR-145, miR-18a, and miR-196a	ob/ob	Standard diet	[27]
Increased miR-16, miR-122, miR-126 decreased miR-27b	Gankyrin transgenic zebrafish	Standard diet	[29]

NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Table 3 Changes in circulating miRNAs associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans

Population	Study design	Source of miRNA	miRNAs	Effect	Ref.
NAFLD	Mild vs Severe steaosis; Severe vs Mild fibrosis	Serum	miR-122	Decrease	[35]
NAFLD	NAFLD vs normal	Serum	miR-122, miR-34a, miR-16, and miR-21	Increased	[36]
NAFLD	NAFLD vs normal	Serum	miR-15b	Increased	[19]
NAFLD	NAFLD vs normal	Serum	miR-122, miR-192, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-125b, and miR-375	Increased	[37]

NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Table 4 Cross-study comparison of miRNA changes with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

	Cell lines	Mice	Rats	Zebrafish	Human liver	Human serum
MiR-122		INC/NC/DEC	DEC	INC	DEC	INC
miR-34a	INC/DEC	INC	INC		INC
miRNA-107		INC	INC
miR-29c		INC	INC
miR-200b		INC	INC
miR-103		INC	INC
mir-106b		INC	INC
miR-15b		INC	INC
miR-126		DEC		DEC
MiR-145		DEC	DEC
miR-451			DEC		DEC
miR-27b			INC	INC