Non-alcohol fatty liver disease in Asia: Prevention and planning

Table 1 Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian countries, estimates for 2008 (%)

Country	Overweight1			Obesity2
	Males	Females	Total	Males	Females	Total
Kuwait	78.4	79.5	78.8	37.5	49.8	42.0
Saudi Arabia	69.1	68.8	69.0	28.6	39.1	33.3
Qatar	73.1	70.2	72.3	31.3	38.1	33.2
Egypt	60.4	75.3	67.9	21.4	44.5	33.1
Bahrain	70.9	70.3	70.6	29.5	38.0	32.9
UAE	71.3	71.2	71.3	30.0	39.0	32.7
Turkey	59.7	64.1	61.9	21.7	34.0	27.8
Lebanon	66.1	57.9	61.8	25.8	29.0	27.4
Iraq	59.5	65.1	62.3	20.6	33.4	27.0
Oman	56.9	54.2	55.8	18.9	23.8	20.9
Iran	46.0	56.8	51.4	12.4	26.5	19.4
Malaysia	42.1	46.3	44.2	10.4	17.6	14.0
Thailand	26.5	37.4	32.2	5.0	12.2	8.8
South Korea	34.3	29.2	31.8	7.2	8.3	7.7
Singapore	33.9	26.4	30.2	7.0	7.1	7.1
Philippines	24.6	28.4	26.5	4.6	8.0	6.3
China	25.5	25.4	25.4	4.7	6.7	5.7
Pakistan	19.1	27.1	23.0	3.3	7.8	5.5
Japan	30.1	19.2	24.4	5.8	4.4	5.0
India	9.9	12.2	11.0	1.3	2.4	1.9
Vietnam	9.5	10.9	10.2	1.2	2.1	1.7
Bangladesh	7.4	7.8	7.6	0.9	1.3	1.1

¹Overweight: The percentage of the population aged 20 or older having a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m²;

²Obesity: The percentage of the population aged 20 or older having a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Adapted from World Health Organization, non-communicable diseases report[41]. UAE: United Arab Emirates.

Table 2 Prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries, estimates for 2013

Country	Adult population(20-79) in 1000s	Diabetes cases(20-79) in 1000s	Diabetes nationalprevalence (%)	1Diabetes comparativeprevalence (%)	Diabetes relateddeaths (20-79)
Saudi Arabia	18056.84	3650.89	20.22	23.87	22113
Kuwait	2293.74	407.53	17.77	23.09	1122
Qatar	1796.42	282.53	15.73	22.87	651
Bahrain	974.96	168.66	17.30	21.84	706
UAE	7443.81	745.94	10.02	18.98	1385
Egypt	48276.39	7510.60	15.56	16.80	86478
Lebanon	3295.49	478.96	14.53	14.99	6637
Oman	2493.25	199.78	8.01	14.24	1214
Malaysia	18919.44	1913.24	10.11	10.85	24049
Singapore	4058.27	498.19	12.28	10.42	4134
Iran	52145.45	4395.93	8.43	9.94	38002
Iraq	16473.21	1226.22	7.44	9.50	17643
India	760429.73	65076.36	8.56	9.09	1065053
China	1023050.42	98407.38	9.62	9.02	1271003
Yemen	11568.55	708.12	6.12	8.45	9892
Taiwan	17605.38	1721.06	9.78	8.30	-
Afghanistan	12619.61	794.70	6.30	8.27	18864
Pakistan	99369.82	6712.70	6.76	7.90	87354
South Korea	37365.67	3323.90	8.90	7.48	30836
Philippines	54210.53	3256.21	6.01	6.86	54535
Bangladesh	92271.61	5089.04	5.52	6.31	102139
Vietnam	61387.55	3299.11	5.37	5.81	54953
Thailand	49049.75	3150.67	6.42	5.67	66943
Japan	95304.38	7203.78	7.56	5.12	64680

¹All comparisons between countries should be done using the comparative prevalence, which is adjusted to the world population. Adapted from International Diabetes Institute[46]. UAE: United Arab Emirates.

Table 3 American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria

Measure	Categorical cut points
Elevated waist circumference1	Population and country specific definition
Elevated triglycerides	≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or drug treatment for high triglycerides (i.e., fibrates or nicotinic acid)
Low HDL-C2	< 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males
	< 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females
	Or drug treatment for low HDL-C (i.e., fibrates or nicotinic acid)
Elevated blood pressure	Systolic ≥ 130 mmHg
	Diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg
	Or drug treatment for hypertension
Elevated fasting glucose	≥ 100 mg/dL
	Or drug treatment for elevated glucose

¹Waist circumference for abdominal obesity by different organization for each population or country specific: (1) Asian (WHO) ≥ 90 cm men or ≥ 80 cm women; (2) Japanese (Japanese obesity society) ≥ 85 cm men or ≥ 90 cm women; (3) China (Cooperative Task Force) ≥ 85 cm men or ≥ 80 cm women; (4) Mediterranean and Middle East (Arab) population (IDF) ≥ 94 cm men or ≥ 80 cm women; (5) United States (AHA/NHLBI) ≥ 102 cm men or ≥ 88 cm women; (6) South and Central American (WHO) ≥ 90 cm men or ≥ 80 cm women; (7) European (European Cardiovascular Societies) ≥ 102 cm men or ≥ 88 cm women; and (8) Sub-Saharan African (IDF) ≥ 94 cm men or ≥ 80 cm women;

²High density lipoprotein cholesterol indicates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Adapted from Alberti et al[74]. AHA/NHLBI: American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; WHO: World Health Organization; IDF: International diabetes federation.