Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease

Table 1 Studies regarding vitamin D and hepatitis C virus

Ref.	Year	Design	n	HCV genotype	Vitamin D deficiency	Outcome	P
Petta et al[50]	2010	Cohorts	197	1	73%	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL): SVR: 26.6 No SVR: 23.7	0.05
Bitetto et al[121]	2011	Cohorts	42	1 and no 1	Not stated	SVR according to the vitamin D levels (ng/mL): ≤ 10 ng/mL: 10% > 10 and ≤ 20 ng/mL: 30% > 20 ng/mL: 50%	< 0.05
Bitetto et al[136]	2011	Cohorts	211	1-5	46.4%	SVR according to the vitamin D levels (ng/mL): ≤ 10 ng/mL: 50% > 10 and ≤ 20 ng/mL: 60.9% > 20 ng/mL: 69%	0.038
Lange et al[115]	2011	Cohorts	468	1-3	66%	SVR (genotype 2/3): Vitamin D deficit (< 10 ng/mL): 50% Without deficiency: 81%	< 0.0001
						SVR (genotype 1) Vitamin D deficit: 60% Without deficiency: 54%	0.45
Nseir et al[133]	2011	Cohorts	80	1	Not stated	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL): SVR: 42.1 No SVR: 27.3	< 0.001
Jazwinski et al[134]	2011	Cohorts	82	1	Not stated	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL): SVR: 23.3 No SVR: 19.3	0.82
Abu-Mouch et al[123]	2011	Randomized prospective	72	1	59% (with vitamin D supplementation) 60% (control group)	SVR: With vitamin D: 86% Control group: 42%	< 0.001
Nimer et al[122]	2012	Randomized prospective	50	2-3	60% (with vitamin D) 50% (control group)	SVR: With vitamin D: 95% Control group: 77%	< 0.001
Lange et al[116]	2012	Cohorts	269	1-4	74%	No significant association between SVR and 25(OH)D serum levels	0.13
Kitson et al[137]	2013	Cohorts	274	1	48%	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL): SVR: 76.6 No SVR: 84.7	0.03
Esmat et al[140]	2014	Randomized prospective	101	4	95%	SVR: With vitamin D: 44% Control group: 68.6%	0.22
Yokoyama et al[142]	2014	Randomized prospective	84	1b	Not stated	SVR: With vitamin D: 64.3% Control group: 50%	0.19
Grammatikos et al[138]	2014	Cohorts	398	1	Not stated	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL) SVR: 15.8 No SVR: 17.6	0.09

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SVR: Sustained viral response.

Table 2 Studies regarding vitamin D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ref.	Year	Design	n	NAFLD diagnosis	Vitamin D levels (ng/mL)	P
Targher et al[43]	2007	Cohorts prospective	120	Liver biopsy	Controls (60): 29.8 ± 6 Steatosis (10): 23.72 ± 8 NASH (50): 14.8 ± 9.2	0.001
Manco et al[179]	2010	Cohorts prospective	64	Liver US	Without necroinflamation: 26.1 ± 10 With necroinflamation: 19.9 ± 9.8 Without fibrosis: 27.7 ± 10.3 With fibrosis: 17.1 ± 7.4	0.16 < 0.001
Barchetra et al[168]	2011	Cohorts prospective	262	Liver US	Without NAFLD (100): 20.5 ± 9.7 NAFLD (162): 14.8 ± 9.2	< 0.001
Jablonski et al[169]	2013	Cohorts retrospective	1214	Liver US	Controls (607): 34 ± 8 NAFLD (607): 30 ± 7	< 0.001
Kasapoglu et al[171]	2013	Cohorts prospective	613	Liver US	Controls (275): 26,4 ± 9.8 NAFLD stage 1 (133): 20 ± 9.2 NAFLD stage 2 (106): 13.3 ± 6.7 NAFLD stage 3 (99): 8.8 ± 7.4	< 0.05
Black et al[170]	2014	Cohorts prospective	994	Liver US	Without NAFLD (838): 30.8 ± 9.6 NAFLD (156): 26.8 ± 8.8	< 0.001
Yildiz et al[174]	2014	Cohorts prospective	101	Liver US	Without NAFLD (43): 16.4 (IQR 12.4-24.8) NAFLD grade 1 (41): 14.2 (IQR 9.5-21.2) NAFLD grade 2 (17): 11.5 (IQR 7.5-16.7)	0.005
Dasarathy et al[178]	2014	Cohorts prospective	148	Liver biopsy	Controls (39): 35.7 ± 6 Steatosis (67): 25 ± 11.3 NASH (81): 18.1 ± 8.4	< 0.01
Nobili et al[180]	2014	Cohorts prospective	73	Liver biopsy	NASH (49) was associated with lower VD levels, i.e., -9.0 pg/mL when compared with that in children without NASH (24)	< 0.001
Küçükazman et al[173]	2014	Cohorts prospective	211	Liver US	Without NAFLD (57): 20 ± 13.6 NAFLD (154): 12.3 ± 8.9	< 0.001

US: Ultrasonography; IQR: Interquartile range; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.