Aceclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: An ameliorative effect of Terminalia bellirica fruit and ellagic acid

Figure 1 In vitro metal ion chelating activity of Terminaliabellirica fruit aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts. The chelating activity was measured at different concentrations (50-250 μg/ml). Butylated hydroxytoluene was included for comparison and absorbance was measured at 562 nm. Results are presented as mean ± SD of triplicates. ^aP < 0.05 as compared to butylated hydroxytoluene.

Figure 2 In vitro nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of Terminaliabellirica fruit aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts at different concentrations. Butylated hydroxytoluene was included as a standard and absorbance was measured at 546 nm. Results are presented as mean ± SD of triplicates. ^aP < 0.05 as compared to butylated hydroxytoluene.

Figure 3 Percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate by Terminaliabellirica fruit extracts at different concentrations. Butylated hydroxytoluene (2 mg/mL) was included for comparison and accounted for approximately 85% lipid peroxidation inhibition. The results are shown as mean ± SD of triplicates (^aP < 0.05).

Figure 4 Effect of Terminaliabellirica fruit extracts and ellagic acid on the ferric reducing ability of plasma in aceclofenac-treated rats. Group I-normal control; Group II-Aceclofenac (ACF) treated rats; Group III-ACF + Silymarin treated rats; Group IV-ACF + Ellagic acid treated rats; Group V- ACF + Aqueous extract treated rats; Group VI: ACF + Ethyl acetate extract treated rats. Silymarin was used as a positive control. The data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 5, ^aP < 0.01; ^bP < 0.05 as compared to group II).

Figure 5 Histopathological changes in liver slices after oral administration of Terminaliabellirica fruit extracts, ellagic acid and Silymarin in Aceclofenac-treated rats. A: Control; B: Aceclofenac (ACF) treated rats; C: ACF + Silymarin treated rats; D: ACF + Ellagic acid treated rats; E: ACF + Aqueous extract treated rats; and F: ACF + Ethyl acetate extract treated rats. The blue color arrow represents central vain, black arrow represents a nucleus and the yellow arrow represents inflammatory cells.