Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. May 8, 2016; 8(13): 573-590
Published online May 8, 2016. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573
Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure
Venerando Rapisarda, Carla Loreto, Michele Malaguarnera, Annalisa Ardiri, Maria Proiti, Giuseppe Rigano, Evelise Frazzetto, Maria Irene Ruggeri, Giulia Malaguarnera, Nicoletta Bertino, Mariano Malaguarnera, Vito Emanuele Catania, Isidoro Di Carlo, Adriana Toro, Emanuele Bertino, Dario Mangano, Gaetano Bertino
Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Carla Loreto, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
Michele Malaguarnera, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
Annalisa Ardiri, Maria Proiti, Giuseppe Rigano, Evelise Frazzetto, Gaetano Bertino, Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Maria Irene Ruggeri, Internal Medicine Unit ARNAS Civic Hospital, 90142 Palermo, Italy
Giulia Malaguarnera, Mariano Malaguarnera, Vito Emanuele Catania, Research Centre “La Grande Senescenza”, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
Nicoletta Bertino, Emanuele Bertino, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Isidoro Di Carlo, Adriana Toro, Department of Surgical Sciences, Organ Transplantation and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
Author contributions: All the authors contributed to this paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no potential conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Gaetano Bertino, Professor, Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Univer-sity of Catania, Policlinic - Via S. Sofia n. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy. gaetanobertinounict@libero.it
Telephone: +39-095-3781573 Fax: +39-095-3781572
Received: June 17, 2015
Peer-review started: June 19, 2015
First decision: August 10, 2015
Revised: April 1, 2016
Accepted: April 14, 2016
Article in press: April 18, 2016
Published online: May 8, 2016
Processing time: 321 Days and 0.1 Hours
Core Tip

Core tip: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common human cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the occupational risk factors of HCC. In particular, we underline not only the infective but also non-infective occupational risk exposure, including chemical agents and toxic metabolites which are a major cause of liver damage.