Gupta T, Jarpula NS. Hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment and check point inhibitors-current status. World J Hepatol 2024; 16(3): 353-365 [PMID: 38577535 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i3.353]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Tarana Gupta, MBBS, MD, DM Hepatology, Professor, Researcher, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, House No. 1065A Sector 1, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India. taranagupta@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2024; 16(3): 353-365 Published online Mar 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i3.353
Hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment and check point inhibitors-current status
Tarana Gupta, Nikhil Sai Jarpula
Tarana Gupta, Nikhil Sai Jarpula, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
Author contributions: Gupta T wrote the paper and critically analyzed the manuscript; Jarpula NS collected the data and literature and drafted the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Tarana Gupta, MBBS, MD, DM Hepatology, Professor, Researcher, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, House No. 1065A Sector 1, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India. taranagupta@gmail.com
Received: December 27, 2023 Peer-review started: December 27, 2023 First decision: January 13, 2024 Revised: January 24, 2024 Accepted: March 4, 2024 Article in press: March 4, 2024 Published online: March 27, 2024 Processing time: 91 Days and 0.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prototype of inflammation-associated cancer. Its varied etiology from viral to alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, tumor extent, intrahepatic spread, vascular invasion and metastases along with the underlying severity of liver dysfunction make it a complex scenario for adequate management. The recent elaboration of the tumor microenvironment revealing an immunogenic milieu and bringing the concept of “Cold” and “Hot” tumor opened the way for evaluation of immunotherapy in HCC. In recent years, with use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there is a paradigm shift in the management of advanced and unresectable HCC. With the use of combination regimens including immune checkpoint inhibitors and transarterial chemoembolization/ablation/tyrosine kinase inhibitors, there is an ongoing effort to improve disease outcomes and minimize adverse events.
