Published online Apr 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.566
Peer-review started: December 28, 2023
First decision: January 30, 2024
Revised: February 5, 2024
Accepted: March 19, 2024
Article in press: March 19, 2024
Published online: April 27, 2024
The unique physicochemical properties inherent to nanoscale materials have unveiled numerous potential applications, spanning beyond the pharmaceutical and medical sectors into various consumer industries like food and cosmetics. Consequently, humans encounter nanomaterials through diverse exposure routes, giving rise to potential health considerations. Noteworthy among these materials are silica and specific metallic nanoparticles, extensively utilized in consumer products, which have garnered substantial attention due to their propensity to accumulate and induce adverse effects in the liver. This review paper aims to provide an exhaustive examination of the molecular mechanisms underpinning nanomaterial-induced hepatotoxicity, drawing insights from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Primarily, the most frequently observed manifestations of toxicity following the exposure of cells or animal models to various nanomaterials involve the initiation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, we delve into the existing in vitro models employed for evaluating the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials, emphasizing the persistent endeavors to advance and bolster the reliability of these models for nanotoxicology research.
Core Tip: This comprehensive review explores nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity, focusing on diverse nanomaterials (e.g., silver nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes) and their impacts on hepatic function. It categorizes nanoparticles, discusses exposure routes, and highlights hepatotoxic mechanisms. The review emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessments, understanding, and responsible practices in nanotechnology to guide future research for the development of safer nanomaterials.