Published online Jan 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.274
Peer-review started: March 17, 2021
First decision: May 2, 2021
Revised: June 8, 2021
Accepted: December 28, 2021
Article in press: December 28, 2021
Published online: January 27, 2022
In December 2019, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged and rapidly spread worldwide, becoming a global health threat and having a tremendous impact on the quality of life (QOL) of individuals.
To evaluate the awareness of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) regarding the COVID-19 emergency and how it impacted on their QOL.
Patients with an established diagnosis of CLD (cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis) who had been evaluated at our Outpatient Liver Disease Clinic during the 6-mo period preceding the start of Italian lockdown (March 8, 2020) were enrolled. Participants were asked to complete a two-part questionnaire, administered by telephone according to governmental restrictions: The first section assessed patients’ basic knowledge regarding COVID-19, and the second evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on their QOL. We used the Italian version of the CLD questionnaire (CLDQ-I). With the aim of evaluating possible changes in the QOL items addressed, the questionnaire was administered to patients at the time of telephone contact with the specific request to recall their QOL perceptions during two different time points. In detail, patients were asked to recall these perceptions first during time 0 (t0), a period comprising the 2 wk preceding the date of ministerial lockdown decree (from February 23 to March 7, 2020); then, in the course of the same phone call, they were asked to recall the same items as experienced throughout time 1 (t1), the second predetermined time frame encompassing the 2 wk (from April 6 to April 19) preceding our telephone contact and questionnaire administration. All data are expressed as number (%), and continuous variables are reported as the median (interquartile range). The data were compared using the Wilcoxon paired non-parametric test.
A total of 111 patients were enrolled, of whom 81 completed the questionnaire. Forty-nine had liver cirrhosis, and all of them had compensated disease; 32 patients had autoimmune liver disease. The majority (93.8%) of patients were aware of COVID-19 transmission modalities and on how to recognize the most common alarm symptoms (93.8%). Five of 32 (15.6%) patients with autoimmune liver disease reported having had the need to receive more information about the way to manage their liver disease therapy during lockdown and nine (28.2%) thought about modifying their therapy without consulting their liver disease specialist. About the impact on QOL, all CLDQ-I total scores were significantly worsened during time t1 as compared to time t0.
The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on the QOL of our population of patients, despite a good knowledge of preventive measure and means of virus transmission.
Core Tip: Although negative mental health outcomes in the Italian general population during coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) lockdown have already been reported, our study was among one of the first investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic liver disease and addressing the subpopulation of patients with autoimmune chronic hepatitis.