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Gómez-Salazar JA, Ruiz-Hernández K, Martínez-Miranda MM, Castro-Ríos K. Postharvest strategies for decontamination of aflatoxins in cereals. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla Ruiz-Hernández
- Posgrado En Biociencias, Departamento De Alimentos, División De Ciencias De La Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Grupo de Cromatografía Y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación En Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
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2
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Hamami M, Mars A, Raouafi N. Biosensor based on antifouling PEG/Gold nanoparticles composite for sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barsouk A, Thandra KC, Saginala K, Rawla P, Barsouk A. Chemical Risk Factors of Primary Liver Cancer: An Update. Hepat Med 2021; 12:179-188. [PMID: 33447099 PMCID: PMC7801911 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s278070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer has the sixth highest incidence and fourth highest cancer mortality worldwide. Hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer, though its incidence is decreasing with vaccination. Alcohol is the leading cause of liver transplant, cirrhosis, and cancer in the developed world, and is projected to surpass hepatitis B as the leading hepatic cancer etiology worldwide. Tobacco smoking has shown a positive association with liver cancer in a majority of studies, though not all. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus, is estimated to account for 3–20% of global liver cancer cases, 40% of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa. These statistics are confounded by the prevalence of hepatitis B, which may have a synergistic effect on hepatic carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin is ingested and likely inhaled from agricultural products, placing farmers, food processors, and textile workers in developing nations at risk. Vinyl-chloride is used in the production of PVC plastics and causes rare liver angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other neoplasms. Arsenic and cadmium are naturally-occurring, hepatocarcinogenic metals with high occupational exposure in industries involving coal, metals, plastics, and batteries. Millions of laborers in waste-disposal and manufacturing are exposed to organic solvents and N-nitrosamines, which vary from carcinogenic (group 1) to possibly carcinogenic (group 2B) in their IARC designation. Insecticide DDT is possibly hepatocarcinogenic (group 2B), though continues to be used for malaria control in the developing world. While suggested by case reports, anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives have not been shown to increase liver cancer risk in large studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barsouk
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Thandra
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Kalyan Saginala
- Plains Regional Medical Group Internal Medicine, Clovis, NM 88101, USA
| | - Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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4
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Karamkhani M, Asilian-Mahabadi H, Daraei B, Seidkhani-Nahal A, Noori-Zadeh A. Liver and kidney serum profile abnormalities in workers exposed to aflatoxin B1 in urban solid waste management centers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:472. [PMID: 32607657 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many workers are exposed to health problems arising from molds, fungi, and their toxins during waste processing. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) level in airborne and settled dust, aflatoxin B1-albumin (AFB1-Alb) adduct in serum, liver and kidney biochemical tests, and body redox change of workers in municipal dry waste-processing sites were investigated. The surface, personal, and area air dust and the blood of workers' samples were collected from the plastic and bread waste-sorting sections in three recycling municipal dry waste sites. Digestion (only for serum samples), passed through SPE cartridge, elution, and collection with methanol, immune-affinity column clean-up, and HPLC system equipped with post-column derivatization method and fluorescence detection were performed for determination of AFB1 and AFB1-Alb levels in the samples. The mean level of dust and AFB1 in the personal and area air, and in the settled dust and the AFB1-Alb in the serum of workers in the bread waste sorting, was higher than plastic waste-sorting samples, in all of the sites. The differences in the biochemical profiles of subjects exposed to aflatoxin B1 as compared to the control group especially in liver and kidney function parameters as well as antioxidant factors of the serum were significant. The workers in handling of municipal waste may be exposed to potentially hazardous levels of aflatoxin B1. The adverse effects of AFB1 on the kidney and liver may be caused by changes in the redox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Karamkhani
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Iran
| | - Hassan Asilian-Mahabadi
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box. 6153- 14155, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Seidkhani-Nahal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Schlosser O, Robert S, Noyon N. Airborne mycotoxins in waste recycling and recovery facilities: Occupational exposure and health risk assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 105:395-404. [PMID: 32126367 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolites secreted by certain types of moulds, and some of them can be harmful to health. The objective of this study was to estimate the level of exposure to airborne aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, gliotoxin and sterigmatocystin in waste recycling and recovery facilities. An additional goal was to assess the related health risks for workers. Targeted mycotoxins were analysed quantitatively in 94 air samples collected in five sites using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The level of exposure to mycotoxin during working day scenarios was compared to benchmark values, either health-based guidelines when available or the concentration of no toxicological concern (CoNTC) when not. Eleven per cent of samples showed quantifiable measurement results. Aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin were quantified at the mechanical separation area in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) facilities and in the materials recovery facility (MRF), but not in composting plants and composting units in MBT facilities. The levels of exposure were all below 1 ng m-3. This is the first time exposure to sterigmatocystin in waste management facilities is reported and quantified. Ochratoxin A and gliotoxin were not quantified in any of the air samples. Health risk assessment approaches did not suggest a significant threat to workers' health. These data do not suggest the need for specific prevention measures in addition to those against other airborne biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Robert
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Naike Noyon
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
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6
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Viegas S, Viegas C, Oppliger A. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins: Current Knowledge and Prospects. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:923-941. [PMID: 30099513 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to mycotoxins is supposedly very frequent, but it is rarely reported in the scientific literature. Several recent studies described occupational exposure to the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mycotoxin in different occupational settings. Previously, exposure to other mycotoxins was shown in the animal husbandry and food processing sectors, confirming that occupational exposure cannot be negligible. However, no guidelines or standard methodologies are available for helping occupational hygienists to consider mycotoxin exposure in their interventions. This article reviews the literature on this problem and recommends some actions for the better management of this risk factor in occupational settings, especially where environmental conditions are favorable to fungal presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anne Oppliger
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Wangia RN, Tang L, Wang JS. Occupational exposure to aflatoxins and health outcomes: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 37:215-234. [PMID: 31512547 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2019.1664836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins [AFs] are secondary metabolites of the fungus species Aspergillus spp. Both animal and epidemiological studies provided sufficient evidence on the carcinogenic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic potential of AFs. While ingestion is the main route of exposure for AFs through consumption of contaminated food products, agricultural workers and personnel who handle AF-contaminated grains are also at higher risk of exposure via inhalation. The main objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of past scientific studies on occupational exposure to AFs, high-risk occupations, and disease outcomes. A search of peer-reviewed articles was done on PubMed and Web of Science Databases. A total of 164 papers was identified and 61 journal articles were selected for further review. High risk occupations include animal husbandry and processing of grain cereals and/or animal feed. Primary liver cancer and respiratory cancers were the most reported as a result of occupational exposure to AFs. For future studies, improved study designs, better characterization of AFs exposure in an occupational setting, and use of biomarkers are recommended in order to promote better understanding of occupational exposure to AFs and the resulting disease burden among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nabwire Wangia
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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8
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:81-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
There are possibly millions of mold species on earth. The vast majority of these mold spores live in harmony with humans, rarely causing disease. The rare species that does cause disease does so by triggering allergies or asthma, or may be involved in hypersensitivity diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or allergic fungal sinusitis. Other hypersensitivity diseases include those related to occupational or domiciliary exposures to certain mold species, as in the case of Pigeon Breeder's disease, Farmer's lung, or humidifier fever. The final proven category of fungal diseases is through infection, as in the case of onchomycosis or coccidiomycosis. These diseases can be treated using anti-fungal agents. Molds and fungi can also be particularly important in infections that occur in immunocompromised patients. Systemic candidiasis does not occur unless the individual is immunodeficient. Previous reports of "toxic mold syndrome" or "toxic black mold" have been shown to be no more than media hype and mass hysteria, partly stemming from the misinterpreted concept of the "sick building syndrome." There is no scientific evidence that exposure to visible black mold in apartments and buildings can lead to the vague and subjective symptoms of memory loss, inability to focus, fatigue, and headaches that were reported by people who erroneously believed that they were suffering from "mycotoxicosis." Similarly, a causal relationship between cases of infant pulmonary hemorrhage and exposure to "black mold" has never been proven. Finally, there is no evidence of a link between autoimmune disease and mold exposure.
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10
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Ferri F, Brera C, De Santis B, Fedrizzi G, Bacci T, Bedogni L, Capanni S, Collini G, Crespi E, Debegnach F, Ferdenzi P, Gargano A, Gattei D, Luberto F, Magnani I, Magnani MG, Mancuso P, Menotta S, Mozzanica S, Olmi M, Ombrini G, Sala O, Soricelli S, Vicentini M, Giorgi Rossi P. Survey on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxins in Professionally Exposed Workers. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040117. [PMID: 28338636 PMCID: PMC5408191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed mill workers may handle or process maize contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). This condition may lead to an unacceptable intake of toxins deriving from occupational exposure. This study assessed the serological and urinary levels of AFs in workers exposed to potentially contaminated dusts in two mills. From March to April 2014, blood and urine samples were collected, on Monday and Friday morning of the same working week from 29 exposed workers and 30 non-exposed controls. AFs (M1, G2, G1, B1, B2) and aflatoxicol (AFOH) A were analyzed. Each subject filled in a questionnaire to evaluate potential food-borne exposures to mycotoxins. AFs contamination in environmental dust was measured in both plants. No serum sample was found to be positive. Seventy four percent of urine samples (73.7%) revealed AFM1 presence. AFM1 mean concentration was 0.035 and 0.027 ng/mL in exposed and non-exposed workers, respectively (p = 0.432); the concentration was slightly higher in Friday’s than in Monday’s samples, in exposed workers, 0.040 versus (vs.) 0.031 and non-exposed controls (0.030 vs. 0.024, p = 0.437). Environmental AFs contamination ranged from 7.2 to 125.4 µg/kg. The findings of this study reveal the presence of higher AFs concentration in exposed workers than in non-exposed controls, although these differences are to be considered consistent with random fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna-Reparto Chimico, 40127 Bologna.
| | - Tiziana Bacci
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione, l'Ambiente e l'Energia-ARPAE, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Lorena Bedogni
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sauro Capanni
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Enrica Crespi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Ferdenzi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Gargano
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Gattei
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Luberto
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ines Magnani
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Pamela Mancuso
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna-Reparto Chimico, 40127 Bologna.
| | - Stefania Mozzanica
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Milva Olmi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ombrini
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Orietta Sala
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione, l'Ambiente e l'Energia-ARPAE, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sabina Soricelli
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vicentini
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Ledda C, Loreto C, Zammit C, Marconi A, Fago L, Matera S, Costanzo V, Sanzà GF, Palmucci S, Ferrante M, Costa C, Fenga C, Biondi A, Pomara C, Rapisarda V. Non‑infective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:511-533. [PMID: 28000892 PMCID: PMC5364850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading worldwide cause of cancer‑associated mortalities. Hepatocellular carcinoma, which accounts for the majority of liver tumors, ranks fifth among types of human cancer. Well‑established risk factors for liver cancer include the hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxins, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptives. Tobacco smoking, androgenic steroids, and diabetes mellitus are suspected risk factors. Current knowledge regarding non‑infective occupational risk factors for liver cancer is inconclusive. The relevance of liver disorders to occupational medicine lies in the fact that the majority of chemicals are metabolized in the liver, and toxic metabolites generated via metabolism are the predominant cause of liver damage. However, their non‑specific clinical manifestations that are similar in a number of liver diseases make diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, concomitant conditions, such as viral hepatitis and alcohol or drug abuse, may mask liver disorders that result from occupational hepatotoxic agents and block the demonstration of an occupational cause. The identification of environmental agents that result in human cancer is a long and often difficult process. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the association of non‑infective occupational risk exposure and HCC, to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Andrea Marconi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Fago
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Matera
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Costanzo
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fuccio Sanzà
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Division of Radiology, ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’ University Hospital, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Occupational Medicine, Department of the Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- General Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta
- Forensic Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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12
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Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Malaguarnera M, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Rigano G, Frazzetto E, Ruggeri MI, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Catania VE, Di Carlo I, Toro A, Bertino E, Mangano D, Bertino G. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:573-90. [PMID: 27168870 PMCID: PMC4858622 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rigano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelise Frazzetto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Irene Ruggeri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito Emanuele Catania
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Toro
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Mangano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Almeida A, dos Santos M, Carolino E, Viegas C. Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in a Portuguese Poultry Slaughterhouse. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:176-83. [PMID: 26568583 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and is the most potent hepatocarcinogen known in mammals and has been classified by the International Agency of Research on Cancer as Group 1 carcinogen. Although dietary exposure to AFB1 has been extensively documented, there are still few studies dedicated to the problem of occupational exposure. Considering recent findings regarding AFB1 occupational exposure in poultry production, it was considered relevant to clarify if there is also exposure in poultry slaughterhouses. Occupational exposure assessment to AFB1 was done with a biomarker of internal dose that measures AFB1 in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thirty workers from a slaughterhouse were enrolled in this study. A control group (n = 30) was also considered in order to know AFB1 background levels for Portuguese population. Fourteen workers (47.0%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values from 1.06 to 4.03ng ml(-1), with a mean value of 1.73ng ml(-1). No AFB1 was detected in serum of individuals used as controls. Despite uncertainties regarding the exposure route that is contributing more to exposure (inhalation or dermal) is possible to state that exposure to AFB1 is occurring in the slaughterhouse studied. It seems that reducing AFB1 contamination in poultry production can have a positive result in this occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; 2.Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública (CISP/ENSP/UNL), 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Veiga
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Almeida
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mateus dos Santos
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; 4.Faculty of Medicine, Environmental Health Institute, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mo X, Lai H, Yang Y, Xiao J, He K, Liu C, Chen J, Lin Y. How does airway exposure of aflatoxin B1 affect serum albumin adduct concentrations? Evidence based on epidemiological study and animal experimentation. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 39:645-53. [PMID: 25056789 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) airway inhalation represents an additional route of exposure to this toxin. However, the association between AFB1 inhalation and serum AFB1 albumin adducts remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the association between airway exposure to AFB1 and serum AFB1 albumin adduct concentrations via an epidemiological study, as well as in an AFB1 airway exposure animal model. Our epidemiological study was conducted in a sugar factory in the Guangxi Autonomous Region of China. In order to examine fungal contamination, air samples were obtained in the workshop and areas outside the workshop, such as the office and nearby store. Dust samples were also collected from the bagasse warehouse and presser workshop, and were analyzed using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, blood samples were collected from a total of 121 workshop workers, and a control group (n = 80) was comprised of workers who undertook administrative tasks or other work outside the workshop. The animal experiment was conducted in the laboratory animal center of Guangxi Medical University, where a total of 60 adult male rabbits were involved in this study. By intubation, AFB1 was administered in three groups of rabbits daily, at dose rates of 0.075, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg/day for a period of 7 days. Blood samples were collected on day 1, day 3, day 7 and day 21, and the measurements of the AFB1 albumin adducts in the serum were performed by a double antibody sandwich ELISA. The epidemiological study showed that serum albumin adducts were detected in 67 workshop workers (55.37%), and the values ranged 6.4 pg/mg albumin to 212 pg/mg albumin (mean value: 51 ± 4.62 pg/mg albumin). In contrast, serum albumin adducts were detected in only 7 control group participants, with the values ranging from 9 pg AFB1/mg albumin to 59 pg/mg albumin (mean value: 20 ± 13.72 pg/mg albumin). The animal experiment revealed that the rabbits had detectable levels of AFB1 in their serum with a minimum effective dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day; while 11 of 17 (64.71%) rabbits had detectable levels of AFB1 albumin adducts in the high exposure group (0.075 mg/kg/day), and only 5 rabbits (26.32%) had detectable levels of AFB1 albumin adducts in the moderate exposure group (0.05 mg/kg/day). No rabbits had detectable levels of AFB1 albumin adducts in the low exposure group (0.025 mg/kg/day). Our results demonstrated that only exposure to a certain level of AFB1 would result in detectable levels of serum AFB1 albumin adducts. Interventional programs aimed at reducing exposure to AFB1 by inhalation are urgently needed in high-risk populations. Additional large-sample, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to further confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
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Straumfors A, Uhlig S, Eriksen G, Heldal K, Eduard W, Krska R, Sulyok M. Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in grain dust from Norwegian grain elevators and compound feed mills. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Employees at grain elevators and compound feed mills are exposed to large amounts of grain dust during work, frequently leading to airway symptoms and asthma. Although the exposure to grain dust, microorganisms, β-1→3-glucans and endotoxins has been extensively studied, the focus on the mycotoxin content of grain dust has previously been limited to one or few mycotoxins. Our objective was therefore to screen settled grain dust from grain elevators and compound feed mills for fungal metabolites by LC/MS-MS and explore differences between work places, seasons and climatic zones. Seventy fungal metabolites and two bacterial metabolites were detected. Trichothecenes, depsipeptides, ergot alkaloids, and other metabolites from Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and other fungi were represented. The prevalence of individual metabolites was highly variable, and the concentration of each metabolite varied considerably between samples. The prevalence and concentration of most metabolites were higher in grain elevators compared to compound feed mills. Differences between seasons and climatic zones were inconclusive. All samples contained multiple mycotoxins, indicating a highly complex pattern of possible inhalational exposure. A mean exposure of 20 ng/m3 of fungal metabolites was estimated, whereas a worst case scenario estimated as much as 10 ?g/m3. Although many of these compounds may be linked to toxicological and immunological effects through experimental or epidemiological studies, it still remains to be determined whether the detected concentrations implicate adverse health outcomes when inhaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Straumfors
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - K.K. Heldal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - W. Eduard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - R. Krska
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - M. Sulyok
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Figueiredo P, Almeida A, Carolino E, Viegas C. Assessment of workers' exposure to aflatoxin B1 in a Portuguese waste industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 59:173-81. [PMID: 25324565 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered by different International Agencies as a genotoxic and potent hepatocarcinogen. However, despite the fact that the fungi producing this compound are detected in some work environments, AFB1 is rarely monitored in occupational settings. The aim of the present investigation was to assess exposure to AFB1 of workers from one Portuguese waste company located in the outskirt of Lisbon. Occupational exposure assessment to AFB1 was done with a biomarker of internal dose that measures AFB1 in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Forty-one workers from the waste company were enrolled in this study (26 from sorting; 9 from composting; 6 from incineration). A control group (n = 30) was also considered in order to know the AFB1 background levels for the Portuguese population. All the workers showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from 2.5ng ml(-1) to 25.9ng ml(-1) with a median value of 9.9±5.4ng ml(-1). All of the controls showed values below the method's detection limit. Results obtained showed much higher (8-fold higher) values when compared with other Portuguese settings already studied, such as poultry and swine production. Besides this mycotoxin, other mycotoxins are probably present in this occupational setting and this aspect should be taken into consideration for the risk assessment process due to possible synergistic reactions. The data obtained suggests that exposure to AFB1 occurs in a waste management setting and claims attention for the need of appliance of preventive and protective safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal 2.Center for Malaria & Tropical Diseases (CMDT), Public Health and Policy, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luisa Veiga
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Figueiredo
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Almeida
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
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Malik A, Ali S, Shahid M, Bhargava R. Occupational exposure to Aspergillus and aflatoxins among food-grain workers in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 20:189-93. [PMID: 25000106 PMCID: PMC4090888 DOI: 10.1179/2049396714y.0000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are a metabolite of Aspergillus molds and are widespread in the natural environment. Workers who handle food grains are at increased risk of exposure to aflatoxins and subsequently certain respiratory conditions. In India, more than half of the employed population is engaged in some type of agricultural work, yet little known about the respiratory problems as a result of exposure to aflatoxins among workers who handle food grains in India. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the risk of occupational exposure to aflatoxins in food-grain workers compared to workers who are not occupationally exposed to food grains. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum samples from 46 food-grain workers and 44 non-food-grain workers were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins. Microscopy and culture of BAL samples were performed to detect Aspergillus species. RESULTS Aflatoxins were detected in 32·6% of the food-grain workers and 9·1% of non food grain workers (P<0·01). A significant difference was also found in BAL culture for Aspergillus (P<0·01) between the two groups. About 47·8% of the food-grain workers and 11·4% of non-food-grain workers had chronic respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION Occupational exposure to aflatoxins in food-grain workers was found to be associated with the increased presence of respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, India
| | - Sana Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, India
| | - Mohd Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, India
| | - Rakesh Bhargava
- Department of T.B. and Respiratory Diseases, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, India
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Lai H, Mo X, Yang Y, He K, Xiao J, Liu C, Chen J, Lin Y. Association between aflatoxin B1 occupational airway exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Tumour Biol 2014. [PMID: 24961349 DOI: 10.1007/-s13277-014-2231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the airway exposure of sugar and papermaking factory workers to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and to explore the potential association between AFB1 airway exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a case-control study. Dust samples were collected from the sugarcane bagasse warehouse, and presser and paper production workshops. Blood samples were collected from 181 workshop employees and 203 controls who worked outside the workshop. AFB1 albumin adducts were detected using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To explore the association between AFB1 airway exposure and the risk of HCC, the medical records of 68 HCC patients who worked in a sugar and papermaking factory between January 1994 and December 2013 were analyzed. A questionnaire was used to collect information from 150 healthy controls who worked for the same company and lived near the factory. AFB1 was detected in the dust samples, but could not be detected in any of the rice samples. An analysis of serum samples revealed serum AFB1 albumin adducts in 102 (56.35 %) of the study participants. However, in the control group, only 12 (5.9 %) individuals had detectable levels of AFB1 albumin adducts. Those with airway exposure to Aspergillus flavus-contaminated dust had an elevated risk of HCC compared to those without exposure (odds ratio, 5.24; 95 % confidence interval, 2.77-9.88; P = 0.00). The findings of this study indicate that occupational AFB1 airway exposure might be associated with the risk of AFB1-related HCC among the population that was used in this study. Intervention programs aimed at reducing exposure to inhalational AFB1 are needed urgently. Additional suitably designed, multicenter, prospective studies using large samples are needed to further confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China
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Lai H, Mo X, Yang Y, He K, Xiao J, Liu C, Chen J, Lin Y. Association between aflatoxin B1 occupational airway exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9577-84. [PMID: 24961349 PMCID: PMC4213372 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the airway exposure of sugar and papermaking factory workers to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and to explore the potential association between AFB1 airway exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a case-control study. Dust samples were collected from the sugarcane bagasse warehouse, and presser and paper production workshops. Blood samples were collected from 181 workshop employees and 203 controls who worked outside the workshop. AFB1 albumin adducts were detected using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To explore the association between AFB1 airway exposure and the risk of HCC, the medical records of 68 HCC patients who worked in a sugar and papermaking factory between January 1994 and December 2013 were analyzed. A questionnaire was used to collect information from 150 healthy controls who worked for the same company and lived near the factory. AFB1 was detected in the dust samples, but could not be detected in any of the rice samples. An analysis of serum samples revealed serum AFB1 albumin adducts in 102 (56.35 %) of the study participants. However, in the control group, only 12 (5.9 %) individuals had detectable levels of AFB1 albumin adducts. Those with airway exposure to Aspergillus flavus-contaminated dust had an elevated risk of HCC compared to those without exposure (odds ratio, 5.24; 95 % confidence interval, 2.77–9.88; P = 0.00). The findings of this study indicate that occupational AFB1 airway exposure might be associated with the risk of AFB1-related HCC among the population that was used in this study. Intervention programs aimed at reducing exposure to inhalational AFB1 are needed urgently. Additional suitably designed, multicenter, prospective studies using large samples are needed to further confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Ke He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Jiansi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi Autonomous Region China
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Gutarowska B, Skóra J, Stępień L, Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A, Otlewska A, Grajewski J. Estimation of fungal contamination and mycotoxin production at workplaces in composting plants, tanneries, archives and libraries. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to estimate fungal contamination at workplaces in composting plants, tanneries, libraries and archives. The influence of raw material processed or stored at these workplaces (compost, leather, cellulose) on the toxigenicity and cytotoxicity of fungi was also investigated. Qualitative and quantitative mycological analysis confirmed a high contamination in composting plants and tanneries, while materials in archives and libraries were less contaminated. Among the 74 fungal species present in the studied work environments, 15 species were identified as useful indicators of microbial contamination based on their presence at the workplace, frequency of occurrence and harmfulness to health. For nine Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates, identification was confirmed on the basis of molecular techniques, i.e. internal transcribed spacer region and β-tubulin gene sequencing, and the obtained nucleotide sequences were deposited into the NCBI GenBank Database. Five strains were cytotoxic to swine kidney cells. Strains of Aspergillus fumigatus originating from a composting plant produced large quantities of fumitremorgin C, fumiquinazoline F, fumagillin, fumigaclavine, helvolic acid, methylsulochrin, pyripyropene A, brevianamid F, verruculogen and others, as analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In the case of Penicillium chrysogenum originating from a tannery, meleagrin, secalonic acid D, roquefortine C, emodin and other metabolites were detected. These findings confirmed the hypothesis that these species may be a health risk factor to workers. Interestingly, the presence of compost extract, leather or cellulose in the culture medium apparently affected the ability of the selected fungi to produce (cytotoxic) mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Gutarowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - J. Skóra
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - L. Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska St, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - M. Twarużek
- Division of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza St, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - A. Błajet-Kosicka
- Division of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza St, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - A. Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 171/173 Wólczańska St, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - J. Grajewski
- Division of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza St, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Ali S, Malik A, Shahid M, Bhargava R. Pulmonary aspergillosis and aflatoxins in chronic lung diseases. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:287-94. [PMID: 23948964 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections of lung have become increasingly common during the last few decades. Aspergillosis and the role of aflatoxins in various chronic lung diseases have not been extensively studied. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and sera from 40 patients of chronic lung diseases were analyzed for galactomannan antigen (GM) and aflatoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Direct microscopy and culture of BAL samples were also done to detect the Aspergillus species. Results revealed that 15 (37.5 %) of the 40 patients had growth of Aspergillus on BAL culture. Out of these culture-positive cases, 13 (86.7 %) patients were positive for galactomannan antigen also. About 62.5 % cases did not show growth of Aspergillus in BAL culture. However, galactomannan antigen could be detected in 20 % of these patients. Overall, 20 % patients were diagnosed as proven invasive fungal disease (IFD), 32.5 % were of probable IFD, 17.5 % of possible IFD. Aspergillus growth was observed in 100 % of proven and 53.8 % of probable IFD cases. Galactomannan antigen was found in 100 % cases of proven and 76.9 % of probable IFD. Ten (25 %) patients were found to be positive for aflatoxins. It was detected in 6 (40 %) of culture-positive cases. About 62.5 % of the cases with proven IFD and 46.1 % of probable IFD had aflatoxin in their samples. Aflatoxin positivity was found to be more in patients with proven IFD than in probable IFD, and higher level of aflatoxins was detected in cases with proven IFD. Significant difference was observed in aflatoxin positivity among food grain workers when compared to other occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India,
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Evdokimova GA, Korneykova MV, Lebedeva EV. Complexes of potentially pathogenic microscopic fungi in anthropogenic polluted soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:746-752. [PMID: 23445417 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.744615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the species' diversity and structure of potentially pathogenic microscopic fungal complexes in podzolic soils polluted by fluorine, heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Co), oil products (diesel fuel, gas condensate, mazut). Lists of potentially pathogenic fungi isolated from soils are made specifically for north-western part of Russia (Kola Peninsula). The majority of studied fungus species belong to the following genera: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Lecanicillium and Phoma. Penicillium miczynskii was identified as the most stable type of fungus with respect to all studied types of oil products. Mucor hiemalis was identified as the most sensitive type. An increase of 15% portion of potentially pathogenic fungi as compared to the background soil in zones of aluminum and copper-nickel plants was revealed. The results indicate an increase of 20-25% of potentially pathogenic fungi in pollution of soil with oil products. The structure of fungal complexes was observed to have changed in the polluted soils and the species number and frequency of occurrence of potentially pathogenic fungi were also increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina A Evdokimova
- Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems of Kola Science Centre RAS, Apatity, Russia.
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Figueredo P, Almeida A, Carolino E, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Viegas C. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 in swine production and possible contamination sources. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:944-951. [PMID: 24156697 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.826569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the adverse health consequences of ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are known, relatively few studies are available on the adverse effects of exposure in occupational settings. Taking this into consideration, our study was developed aiming to elucidate the possible effects of occupational exposure to AFB1 in Portuguese swine production facilities using a specific biomarker to assess exposure to AFB1. In total, 28 workers participated in this study, providing blood samples, and a control group (n = 30) was composed of subjects without any type of agricultural activity. Fungal contamination was also studied by conventional methods through air, surfaces, and new and used floor coverage. Twenty-one workers (75%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to 8.94 ng/ml and with a mean value of 1.91 ± 1.68 ng/ml. In the control group, the AFB1 values were all below 1 ng/ml. Twelve different Aspergillus species were identified. Aspergillus versicolor presented the highest airborne spore counts (3210 CFU/m3) and was also detected in higher values in surfaces (>300 CFU/cm2). Data indicate that exposure to AFB1 occurs in swine barns, and this site serves as a contamination source in an occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- a Environmental Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnique Institute of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Malta-Vacas J, Sabino R, Figueredo P, Almeida A, Viegas C, Carolino E. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin (AFB₁) in poultry production. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1330-1340. [PMID: 23095151 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) has been recognized to produce cancer in human liver. In addition, epidemiological and laboratory studies demonstrated that the respiratory system was a target for AFB₁. Exposure occurs predominantly through the food chain, but inhalation represents an additional route of exposure. The present study aimed to examine AFB₁ exposure among poultry workers in Portugal. Blood samples were collected from a total of 31 poultry workers from six poultry farms. In addition, a control group (n = 30) was included comprised of workers who undertook administrative tasks. Measurement of AFB₁ in serum was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For examining fungi contamination, air samples were collected through an impaction method. Air sampling was obtained in pavilion interior and outside the premises, since this was the place regarded as the reference location. Using molecular methods, toxicogenic strains (aflatoxin-producing) were investigated within the group of species belonging to Aspergillus flavus complex. Eighteen poultry workers (59%) had detectable levels of AFB₁ with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to 4.23 ng/ml and with a mean value of 2 ± 0.98 ng/ml. AFB₁ was not detected in the serum sampled from any of the controls. Aspergillus flavus was the fungal species third most frequently found in the indoor air samples analyzed (7.2%) and was the most frequently isolated species in air samples containing only Aspergillus genus (74.5%). The presence of aflatoxigenic strains was only confirmed in outdoor air samples from one of the units, indicating the presence of a source inside the building in at least one case. Data indicate that AFB₁ inhalation represents an additional risk in this occupational setting that needs to be recognized, assessed, and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- Higher School of Health Technology of Lisbon/Institute Polytechnic of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
There is growing recognition and interest in the role of mycotoxins as health hazards in the workplace. Examples will illustrate what we know about certain mycotoxins in some occupational settings and what we need to know to make further progress in assessing their impact on human health. A range of mycotoxins has been detected in different workplaces, e.g. in agricultural and food processing facilities, greenhouses, and the waste management sector. Their occurrence, mainly in dust from different raw materials or processed products, is indicative of a potential health hazard. However, assessing risks for workplace-related mycotoxin exposures remains a challenging task for several reasons, including uncertainties with regard to the transfer from contaminated material into air (inhalable mycotoxin concentrations) and/or the toxin fraction absorbed upon dermal contact or after respiratory intake. Human biomonitoring studies can considerably reduce these uncertainties, and serve to assess workplace-related exposures (in addition to dietary mycotoxin intake). These studies require not only sensitive methods for analysis of mycotoxins and/or their metabolites in blood or urine (biomarkers of exposure) in a cohort of workers, but also data on the levels/range of these biomarkers in non-occupationally exposed persons to account for exposures resulting from oral intake of mycotoxin-contaminated food (dietary 'background'). Biomonitoring methods were first developed for aflatoxin B1, then for ochratoxin A, and more recently for deoxynivalenol and for fumonisin B. But, there are no such methods for many other important mycotoxins. So far, only a small number of biomonitoring studies have addressed the question whether occupational mycotoxin exposures (by inhalation) add significantly to those from dietary exposure to mycotoxins, as observed in the general population. Therefore, a risk assessment is hampered by major uncertainties regarding the true impact of occupational mycotoxin exposures. Human biomonitoring (with biomarkers of exposure and/or effect) is considered a valuable instrument, and should be developed further for mycotoxins of relevance in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Hardin BD, Robbins CA, Fallah P, Kelman BJ. The concentration of no toxicologic concern (CoNTC) and airborne mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:585-598. [PMID: 19296408 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802706389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The threshold of toxicologic concern (TTC) concept was developed as a method to identify a chemical intake level that is predicted to be without adverse human health effects assuming daily intake over the course of a 70-yr life span. The TTC values are based on known structure-activity relationships and do not require chemical-specific toxicity data. This allows safety assessment (or prioritization for testing) of chemicals with known molecular structure but little or no toxicity data. Recently, the TTC concept was extended to inhaled substances by converting a TTC expressed in micrograms per person per day to an airborne concentration (ng/m(3)), making allowance for intake by routes in addition to inhalation and implicitly assuming 100% bioavailability of inhaled toxicants. The resulting concentration of no toxicologic concern (CoNTC), 30 ng/m(3), represents a generic airborne concentration that is expected to pose no hazard to humans exposed continuously throughout a 70-yr lifetime. Published data on the levels of mycotoxins in agricultural dusts or in fungal spores, along with measured levels of airborne mycotoxins, spores, or dust in various environments, were used to identify conditions under which mycotoxin exposures might reach the CoNTC. Data demonstrate that airborne concentrations of dusts and mold spores sometimes encountered in agricultural environments have the potential to produce mycotoxin concentrations greater than the CoNTC. On the other hand, these data suggest that common exposures to mycotoxins from airborne molds in daily life, including in the built indoor environment, are below the concentration of no toxicologic concern.
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Tarín A, Rosell M, Guardino X. Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to assess airborne mycotoxins. J Chromatogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Mold growth within homes and other buildings has been associated to varying degrees with human health problems. These problems vary from allergenic disease to toxicosis. Case definitions for mold exposure have not been adequately defined to allow for a pathognomonic diagnosis of mold-caused disease following indoor exposure. Some important factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of indoor mold induced disease include beta (1,3)-D-glucans, outer cell wall fungal hydrophobins, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin, fungal volatile organic compounds, mycotoxins, and stachylysin. The information in this contribution was presented as the ISHAM Presidential address as a means to clarify some of the confusing surrounding indoor mold-related health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McGinnis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Abstract
Fungal growth in buildings starts at a water activity (a(w)) near 0.8, but significant quantities of mycotoxins are not produced unless a(w) reaches 0.95. Stachybotrys generates particularly high quantities of many chemically distinct metabolites in water-damaged buildings. These metabolites are carried by spores, and can be detected in air samples at high spore concentrations. Very little attention has been paid to major metabolites of Stachybotrys called spirocyclic drimanes, and the precise structures of the most abundant of these compounds are unknown. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium prevalent in the indoor environment produce relatively low concentrations of mycotoxins, with the exception of sterigmatocystins that can represent up to 1% of the biomass of A. versicolor at a(w)'s close to 1. The worst-case scenario for homeowners is produced by consecutive episodes of water damage that promote fungal growth and mycotoxin synthesis, followed by drier conditions that facilitate the liberation of spores and hyphal fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Fog Nielsen
- The Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Jarvis BB. Chemistry and toxicology of molds isolated from water-damaged buildings. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 504:43-52. [PMID: 11922098 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of health risks associated with damp buildings and homes in which high levels of microbes are found. Although concerns have traditionally centered on microbial pathogens and allergenic effects, recent work has suggested that fungi pose the more serious risk. Evidence is accumulating that certain toxigenic molds are particularly a risk for human health through exposure, via inhalation, of fungal spores. Many of these fungi produce toxins (mycotoxins) some of which have been shown to cause animal and human intoxications, usually in an agricultural setting. The fungus, Stachybotrys chartarum (S. atra) is considered to be one of the more serious threats to people living and working in water-damaged buildings. This mold has a long history of being responsible for animal toxicoses, and in recent years, being associated with infant pulmonary hemosiderosis (bleeding in the lungs) of infants exposed to spores of this fungus in their homes. S. atra produces a variety of potent toxins and immunosuppressant agents, including a novel class of diterpenes (atranones) of unusual structure. More research is needed to determine the impact to health resulting from inhalation of toxigenic mold spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce B Jarvis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Hodgson MJ, Morey P, Leung WY, Morrow L, Miller D, Jarvis BB, Robbins H, Halsey JF, Storey E. Building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. J Occup Environ Med 1998; 40:241-9. [PMID: 9531095 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199803000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The authors present an outbreak of disease associated with exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus species. A courthouse and two associated office buildings had generated discomfort among employees for two years since initial occupancy. Multiple interventions had been unsuccessful An initial evaluation of 14 individuals identified three with potential asthma and three with symptoms consistent with interstitial lung disease. A clinical screening protocol to identify individuals who should be removed from work identified three likely and seven possible cases of building-related asthma. Detailed environmental and engineering assessments of the building identified major problems in mechanical system design, building construction, and operational strategies leading to excess moisture and elevated relative humidities. Moisture-damaged interior surfaces in both buildings were contaminated with S. chartarum, A. versicolor, and Penicillium species. Aspergillus species, especially A. versicolor, at concentrations of 10(1) to 10(4)/m3 dominated the indoor air under normal operating conditions. Bulk samples also revealed large quantities of Stachybotrys. A questionnaire survey of the three case and two control buildings documented between three- and 15-fold increases in symptoms. A nested case-control study suggested emphysematous-like disease in individuals meeting questionnaire definitions for cases. Replication of analysis strategies used in similar previous investigations suggested an association between worsening symptoms and decreased diffusing capacity of the lung. Performance on neuropsychological measures was similar for both cases and controls, although workers with symptoms reported increased levels of current but not past psychiatric symptomatology. Chemical analyses demonstrated the presence of satratoxins G and H. Cytotoxic laboratory analyses demonstrated the presence of agents with biological effectiveness in bulk materials. No association was seen between IgE or IgG antibodies and the presence of disease. This outbreak represents a likely human response to inhaled fungal toxins in indoor environments. Moisture indoors represents a public health issue currently inadequately addressed by building, health, or housing codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hodgson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032-6210, USA
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Autrup H, Vestergaard AB. Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in nonsmoking women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1996; 104 Suppl 3:625-7. [PMID: 8781394 PMCID: PMC1469656 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.96104s3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplacental transfer of genotoxic material has been determined by measuring the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin adduct level in serum isolated from the mother and the umbilical cord blood using a competitive enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and the antibody (8E11( against benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) tetrols. Smoking women (median = 5.54 fmol B[a]P eq/micrograms albumin; n = 21 cases) and nonsmoking women living in rural areas (median = 4.99; n = 30) had higher adduct levels than nonsmoking women living in suburbia (median = 4.09; n = 37), whereas nonsmoking women living in the city of Aarhus had an intermediate level (median = 4.82; n = 40). The median adduct level in umbilical cord blood was significantly lower than in maternal blood, the maternal/fetal ratio being approximately 1.3. A positive association between the adduct levels in the mother and umbilical cord blood was observed. This study indicates that the competitive ELISA to detect B[a]P bound to serum albumin is sensitive enough to detect differences in the burden of genotoxic compounds in nonoccupationally exposed individuals. The lower adduct level in people living in suburbia suggests that local production of incomplete combustion products, like vehicle exhaust or heat generation, is a contributing factor to genotoxic compounds in the general environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Autrup
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Kussak A, Andersson B, Andersson K. Immunoaffinity column clean-up for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Q1 in urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 672:253-9. [PMID: 8581131 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00227-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Q1 in human urine has been developed. The 10-ml urine samples were automatically cleaned up on immunoaffinity columns and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), including post-column derivatization with bromine and fluorescence detection. Average aflatoxin recoveries were: B1 103%, B2 106%, G1 98% and G2 96% in the range 6.8-73 pg/ml of urine and M1 103% and Q1 100% in the range 18-97 pg/ml of urine. The relative standard deviations were all between 1% and 21%. The determination limits of aflatoxins in urine were 6.8 pg/ml for B1, B2, G1 and G2 and 18 pg/ml for M1 and Q1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kussak
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Analytical Chemistry Division, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Application of methods for the measurement of DNA and protein adducts in environmental studies was surveyed. The methods included the 32P-postlabelling assay, immunoassay and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for DNA adducts. Additionally, methods for detecting excreted urinary RNA and DNA adducts were discussed. The protein adduct techniques included both immunological and chemical assays. The techniques have been applied in occupational and environmental studies, but usually one assay at a time. As specific DNA adducts can now be assayed for, it would be important to use these methods and specific protein adduct assays in the same studies. It is important to develop further specific adduct tests. This can be done with the help of standard compounds, which also allow quantitation in the assays. An international bank of standard compounds would be a major advancement to human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemminki
- Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A, Fuchs R, Hult K. Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in rat following intratracheal administration. NATURAL TOXINS 1995; 3:101-3. [PMID: 7613733 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The toxicokinetic parameters of ochratoxin A in rat following intratracheal administration of 50 ng ochratoxin A/g body weight were studied. The absorption of ochratoxin A from the lungs was very efficient. The elimination pattern of the toxin was studied by the analysis of blood samples. The biological half-life of ochratoxin A was 127 h and the calculated apparent volume of distribution equalled 168 ml/kg. The bioavailability of the toxin was very high, 98%. The plasma clearance of the toxin was 0.92 ml/kg.h.
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Omland O, Sherson D, Hansen AM, Sigsgaard T, Autrup H, Overgaard E. Exposure of iron foundry workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers for exposure. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51:513-8. [PMID: 7951774 PMCID: PMC1128029 DOI: 10.1136/oem.51.8.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in foundry workers has been evaluated by determination of benzo(a)pyrene-serum albumin adducts and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene binding to albumin and 1-hydroxypyrene were quantitatively measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. 70 male foundry workers and 68 matched controls were investigated. High and low exposure groups were defined from breathing zone hygienic samples, consisting of 16 PAH compounds in particulate and gaseous phase. Mean total PAH was 10.40 micrograms/m3 in the breathing zone, and mean dust adsorbed PAH was 0.15 microgram/m. All carcinogenic PAH was adsorbed to dust. Median benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adduct concentrations (10-90% percentiles) were similar in foundry workers (smokers 0.55 (0.27-1.00) and non-smokers 0.58 (0.17-1.15)) pmol/mg albumin and age matched controls (smokers 0.57 (0.16-1.45) and non-smokers 0.70 (0.19-1.55) pmol/mg albumin). Median 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in smoking and non-smoking foundry workers (0.022 (0.006-0.075) and 0.027 (0.006-0.164)) mumol/mol creatinine than in smoking and non-smoking controls (0 (0-0.022) and 0 (0-0.010) mumol/mol creatinine). Dose-response relations between total PAH, pyrene, carcinogenic PAHs, and 1-hydroxypyrene for smokers, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed to dust for non-smokers are suggested. Exposure to PAHs adsorbed to dust showed an additive effect. There was no correlation between the concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts. The change in 1-hydroxypyrene over a weekend was also studied. Friday morning median 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were significantly higher in both smokers and non-smokers (0.021 (0-0.075) and 0.027 (0.06-0.164)) mumol/mol creatinine than Monday morning median concentrations (0.007 (0-0.021) and 0.008 (0-0.021) mumol/mol creatinine). Smoking did not affect the concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene or benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts. These data suggest that 1-hydroxypyrene is a sensitive biomarker for low dose PAH exposure. Exposure to PAHs may be aetiologically related to increased risk of lung cancer in foundry workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Omland
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Kussak A, Andersson B, Andersson K. Determination of aflatoxin Q1 in urine by automated immunoaffinity column clean-up and liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 656:329-34. [PMID: 7987484 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic system with an automated clean-up procedure for aflatoxin Q1 in human urine is described. The samples were cleaned up by using immunoaffinity columns originally designed for aflatoxin M1. The chromatographic system was a C18 column with an acidic mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing potassium bromide. Fluorescence detection (365/440 nm) of aflatoxin Q1 was enhanced by addition of bromine, using post-column derivatization, which was studied by factorial designs. Average recovery of aflatoxin Q1 in spiked 10-ml urine samples was 88% (R.S.D. = 6.4%) at a level of 50 pg/ml. The determination limit was 49.5 pg/ml urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kussak
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Analytical Chemistry Division, Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lacey
- Plant and Pathology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
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