|
1
|
Al-Nimer MS. Sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The role of exercise-related biomarkers. World J Hepatol 2025; 17:101165. [PMID: 40027576 PMCID: PMC11866137 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i2.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
The etiology, risk factors, and management of sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are comparable, which prompted the investigators to search for a particular diagnostic or prognostic biomarker that was involved in both disorders. Peptides or proteins known as myokines, or exerkines, are produced and secreted by contracted muscles. Myokines work similarly to hormones in their actions. One common clinical hallmark of sarcopenia and MASLD is physical inactivity, which is associated with alterations in the levels of myokines. Irisin is a positive regulator of muscle size that is elevated in the biological fluids during exercise. Significantly low levels were observed in the pathological conditions associated with physical inactivity. The serum levels of irisin are significantly higher in MASLD patients, while their levels were lower in risk factors of MASLD, e.g., diabetes mellitus, obesity, and insulin resistance. In sarcopenia with obesity (sarcopenic obesity) or with a normal build, serum irisin levels are significantly lower than in healthy subjects. Therefore, serial determination of irisin levels that showed a transition from higher to lower levels in MASLD indicated the development of sarcopenia in those patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan S Al-Nimer
- Department of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32001, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Wang S, Hu S, Pan Y. The emerging roles of irisin in vascular calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1337995. [PMID: 38405155 PMCID: PMC10884194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1337995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a common accompanying pathological change in many chronic diseases, which is caused by calcium deposition in the blood vessel wall and leads to abnormal blood vessel function. With the progress of medical technology, the diagnosis rate of vascular calcification has explosively increased. However, due to its mechanism's complexity, no effective drug can relieve or even reverse vascular calcification. Irisin is a myogenic cytokine regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, and other physiological processes. Previous studies have shown that irisin could serve as a predictor for vascular calcification, and protect against hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other risk factors for vascular calcification. In terms of mechanism, it improves vascular endothelial dysfunction and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. All the above evidence suggests that irisin plays a predictive and protective role in vascular calcification. In this review, we summarize the association of irisin to the related risk factors for vascular calcification and mainly explore the role of irisin in vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling (The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University), Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siwang Hu
- The Orthopaedic Center, The First People’s Hospital of Wenling (The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University), Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuping Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuhuan Second People’s Hospital, Yuhuan, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Balakumar P, Venkatesan K, Abdulla Khan N, Raghavendra NM, Venugopal V, Bharathi DR, Fuloria NK. Mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of curcumin on insulin resistance: opportunities and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2023:103627. [PMID: 37224995 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The past couple of decades in particular have seen a rapid increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a debilitating metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance. The insufficient efficacy of current management strategies for insulin resistance calls for additional therapeutic options. The preponderance of evidence suggests potential beneficial effects of curcumin on insulin resistance, while modern science provides a scientific basis for its potential applications against the disease. Curcumin combats insulin resistance by increasing the levels of circulating irisin and adiponectin, activating PPARγ, suppressing Notch1 signalling, and regulating SREBP target genes, among others. In this review, we bring together the diverse areas pertaining to our current understanding of the potential benefits of curcumin on insulin resistance, associated mechanistic insights, and new therapeutic possibilities. Teaser: Current approaches to manage insulin resistance are not highly efficacious, which necessitates additional therapeutic options; curcumin combats insulin resistance by improving the levels of circulating irisin and adiponectin, upregulating and activating PPARγ, and suppressing Notch‑1 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- The Office of Research and Development, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Vallam, Thanjavur 613 403, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kumar Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al-Qara, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noohu Abdulla Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al-Qara, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - N M Raghavendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru 560 111, India
| | - Vijayan Venugopal
- School of Pharmacy, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Deemed-to-be University, Puducherry 607 402, India
| | - D R Bharathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B G Nagara, Nagamangala 571 448, India
| | - Neeraj K Fuloria
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Ahmed TM, Nassar M, Mohamed HAA, Elhadidy KES, Farhan HM, El Basset ASA, Elmessiery RM, Kamel MF. Evaluation of serum levels of Irisin as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 6:e403. [PMID: 36919265 PMCID: PMC10164434 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance and obesity have been associated with irisin, a protein in fat cells. The levels of irisin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were significantly lower than those in non-diabetics. This study aimed to examine the relationship between serum irisin levels and endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM. METHODS There were 90 participants in this study. We matched 65 patients with T2DM with 25 healthy control participants. A series of tests were performed on the participants, including fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TG/HDL-C ratio and albumin/creatinine ratio. In addition to measuring high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used for estimating irisin concentrations. RESULTS Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was significantly lower in patients with T2DM; however, there was a non-statistically significant difference between healthy controls and patients with T2DM regarding serum Irisin level. CRP and LDL levels were inversely correlated with circulating irisin levels. In a stepwise regression analysis, only the hs-CRP and LDL were statistically significant in predicting irisin level. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, serum levels of irisin were inversely correlated with hyperglycaemia, body mass index and per cent body fat; this suggests that detecting irisin levels early can prevent cardiovascular diseases from progressing. According to the study results, serum irisin serves as a predictive marker for early cardiovascular disease, thus preventing the disease from progressing. There is a need for further research in order to understand how irisin contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and the development of diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thoraya Mohamed Ahmed
- Internal Medicine Department at Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Internal Medicine Department at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NYC Health+Hospitals, Queens, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Hanan Mohamed Farhan
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Riem M Elmessiery
- Internal Medicine Department, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Farid Kamel
- Internal Medicine Department at Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Chijiokwu EA, Nwangwa EK, Oyovwi MO, Naiho AO, Emojevwe V, Ohwin EP, Ehiwarior PA, Ojugbeli ET, Nwabuoku US, Oghenetega OB, Ogheneyoma OO. Intermittent fasting and exercise therapy abates STZ-induced diabetotoxicity in rats through modulation of adipocytokines hormone, oxidative glucose metabolic, and glycolytic pathway. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15279. [PMID: 36305681 PMCID: PMC9615571 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global, costly, and growing public health issue. Intermittent fasting (IF) and exercise therapy have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity (IS) in large studies, although the underlying processes are still unknown. The goal of this study, which included both nondiabetic and diabetic rats, was to look at the mechanisms of intermittent fasting and exercise in the management of diabetotoxicity. The effects of starvation and honey on the oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, adipocytokines, oxidative glucose metabolic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, food intake, and body weight in rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes were also investigated. In the nondiabetic phase, rats were administered an oral regimen of distilled water (0.5 ml/rat), honey (1 g/kg body weight), and interventions with IF, and starvation for 4 weeks while in the diabetic phase, after STZ or citrate buffer injections, interventions with IF, exercise, starvation, and honey treatment began for 4 weeks. At all OGTT and ITT points, there was a substantial rise in glucose in the STZ group. Adipocytokines hormone, oxidative glucose metabolic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and body weight were all affected by STZ when compared to starvation and honey, however, IF and exercise significantly reduced these alterations. In diabetic rats, intermittent fasting and exercise enhanced serum adipocytokines levels. These findings imply that adipokines modulate glycolytic/nonmitochondrial enzymes and glucose metabolic/mitochondrial dehydrogenase to mediate the antidiabetic effects of intermittent fasting and exercise. Intermittent fasting and exercise therapy abates STZ‐induced diabetotoxicity in rats through modulation of adipocytokines hormone, oxidative glucose metabolic, and glycolytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ejime A. Chijiokwu
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Eze K. Nwangwa
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Mega O. Oyovwi
- 524172Department of Human PhysiologyAchievers UniversityOwoOndo StateNigeria
| | - Alexander O. Naiho
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Victor Emojevwe
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Medical SciencesOndoOndo StateNigeria
| | - Ejiro P. Ohwin
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Prosper A. Ehiwarior
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Evelyn T. Ojugbeli
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Udoka S. Nwabuoku
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| | - Onome B. Oghenetega
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceBabcock UniversityIlisan‐RomoOgun StateNigeria
| | - Ofulue O. Ogheneyoma
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Basic Medical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesDelta State UniversityAbrakaDelta StateNigeria
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Irisin, An Exercise-induced Bioactive Peptide Beneficial for Health Promotion During Aging Process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101680. [PMID: 35793739 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
|
7
|
Yazdanimoghaddam F, Ghasemi M, Teamparvar H, Soltani N, Aghaei M, Rezazadeh H, Zadhoush F. Long-term GABA administration improves FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 mRNA expressions in the skeletal muscle and serum irisin levels in chronic type 2 diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:417-428. [PMID: 35106626 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the anti-diabetic effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and insulin can be mediated through the regulation of gene expression related to irisin production and mitochondrial biogenesis in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) rats. Four groups (n = 6) were used in this study: control, T2DM, T2DM + insulin, and T2DM + GABA groups. After T2DM induction for 3 months (high-fat diet + 35 mg/kg streptozotocin) and treatment with GABA or insulin for 3 months, circulating levels of FBG, triglyceride, LDL, Ox-LDL, and insulin as well as hepatic and serum irisin levels were measured. The mRNA expressions of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were also evaluated in the skeletal muscle of all groups. GABA therapy improved the FBG and insulin levels in diabetic rats. Insulin treatment significantly reduced FBG and failed to maintain glucose close to the control level. Insulin or GABA therapy significantly decreased the levels of LDL, Ox-LDL, and HOMA-IR index. Circulating irisin levels were markedly decreased in insulin-treated group, while irisin levels did not show significant changes in GABA-treated group compared with control group. GABA or insulin therapy increased mRNA expressions of TFAM and UCP3 in diabetic rats. GABA therapy also led to a significant increase in FNDC5 mRNA. Our findings suggest that the anti-diabetic effect of GABA may be mediated, in part, by a decrease in Ox-LDL levels and an increase in the levels of irisin as well as FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 gene expression in T2DM rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Yazdanimoghaddam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hanif Teamparvar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nepton Soltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezazadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fouzieh Zadhoush
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Beneficial effects of MgSO 4 on TFAM, UPC3 and FNDC5 mRNA expressions in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats: a possible mechanism to improve insulin resistance. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2795-2803. [PMID: 35064400 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypomagnesemia has been associated with development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. Irisin has beneficial effects on glucose uptake and improves hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of MgSO4 and insulin on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, serum and hepatic irisin levels, skeletal muscle gene expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in T2DM rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic control (DC) using a high-fat diet + streptozotocin, insulin-treated diabetic group (DC + Ins), MgSO4-treated diabetic group (DC + Mg). At the end of therapies, serum concentrations of FBG, TG, insulin, Ox-LDL, along with serum and hepatic irisin levels were measured. FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 mRNA expressions were measured in the skeletal muscle by Real-time PCR. In comparison with DC group, MgSO4 therapy resulted in decreased FBG, TG, Ox-LDL, improved serum insulin and irisin levels, and increased mRNA expressions of FNDC5, UCP3 and TFAM. Insulin therapy significantly decreased FBG, Ox-LDL, FNDC5 and serum irisin levels compared with the control group. While, insulin therapy markedly increased TFAM and UCP3 compared with the DC group. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, MgSO4 can improve insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia partly through decreasing Ox-LDL, increasing serum irisin levels as well as increasing FNDC5, TFAM, and UCP3 mRNA expressions in T2DM rats. These findings can be considered in the management of diabetes treatment.
Collapse
|
|
9
|
The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis. ENDOCRINES 2021; 2:266-283. [PMID: 35392577 PMCID: PMC8986094 DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine that primarily targets adipose tissue, where it increases energy expenditure and contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise through the browning of white adipose tissue. As our knowledge has deepened in recent years, muscle has been found to be a major target organ for irisin as well. Several studies have attempted to characterize the role of irisin in muscle to improve glucose metabolism through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance. Although they are very intriguing reports, some contradictory results make it difficult to grasp the whole picture of the action of irisin on muscle. In this review, we attempted to organize the current knowledge of the role of irisin in muscle glucose metabolism. We discussed the direct effects of irisin on glucose metabolism in three types of muscle, that is, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and the myocardium. We also describe irisin’s effects on mitochondria and its interactions with other hormones. Furthermore, to consider the relationship between the irisin-induced improvement of glucose metabolism in muscle and systemic disorders of glucose metabolism, we reviewed the results from animal interventional studies and human clinical studies.
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Naharci MI. Comment on a Recent Article Titled "Irisin Correlates Positively With BMD in a Cohort of Older Adult Patients and Downregulates the Senescent Marker p21 in Osteoblasts". J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1419. [PMID: 33592117 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ilkin Naharci
- Division of Geriatrics, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine and Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Song R, Zhao X, Zhang DQ, Wang R, Feng Y. Lower levels of irisin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 175:108788. [PMID: 33812903 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to provide evidence on the levels of circulating irisin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the irisin levels in patients with T2DM with the levels in control patients. PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL databases, and other sources were searched from inception through September 2020. Review manager software version 5.4 was used to calculate the pooled outcomes. Heterogeneity was measured using I2 statistics. RESULTS Twenty-six studies involving 3667 participants met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this study. We found that irisin levels were significantly lower in patients with T2DM [Standard (Std.) Mean Difference, -1.02; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -1.37 to -0.67; p < 0.00001]. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of this result (Std. Mean Difference, -0.56; 95% CI, -0.73 to -0.39; p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS As compared to the control group and irrespective of differences in ethnicities, age groups, study designs, blood samples, sample sizes, language used for the study, or ELISA kits, lower levels of irisin were observed in patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Da-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
| |
Collapse
|