1
|
Johns IC, Miles A. Ultrasonographically visible hepatic location in clinically normal horses. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:192-6. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- IC Johns
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane; Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK
| | - A Miles
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane; Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sagnelli C, Martini S, Pisaturo M, Pasquale G, Macera M, Zampino R, Coppola N, Sagnelli E. Liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection: Diagnostic methods and clinical impact. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2510-2521. [PMID: 26523204 PMCID: PMC4621465 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i24.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several non-invasive surrogate methods have recently challenged the main role of liver biopsy in assessing liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected patients, applied to avoid the well-known side effects of liver puncture. Serological tests involve the determination of biochemical markers of synthesis or degradation of fibrosis, tests not readily available in clinical practice, or combinations of routine tests used in chronic hepatitis and HIV/HCV coinfection. Several radiologic techniques have also been proposed, some of which commonly used in clinical practice. The studies performed to compare the prognostic value of non-invasive surrogate methods with that of the degree of liver fibrosis assessed on liver tissue have not as yet provided conclusive results. Each surrogate technique has shown some limitations, including the risk of over- or under-estimating the extent of liver fibrosis. The current knowledge on liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients will be summarized in this review article, which is addressed in particular to physicians involved in this setting in their clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sagnelli
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Martini
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Macera
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Zampino
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Caterina Sagnelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mazigo HD, Dunne DW, Morona D, Lutufyo TE, Kinung'hi SM, Kaatano G, Nuwaha F. Periportal fibrosis, liver and spleen sizes among S. mansoni mono or co-infected individuals with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in fishing villages along Lake Victoria shores, North-Western, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:260. [PMID: 25948238 PMCID: PMC4424565 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection involves chronic inflammatory responses to parasite eggs which can be associated with a characteristic periportal fibrosis (PPF) and the progression to severe hepatosplenic disease. The effects of HIV-1 co-infection and the influence of CD4+ cell numbers on these clinical manifestations of chronic S. mansoni are not known. To understand the effects of HIV-1 co-infection on these morbidities, we examined S. mansoni ultrasound-detectable morbidities in relation to HIV-1 infection and CD4+ cell counts, and other factors in fishing communities where the two infections are present. Methods Ultrasonographical examination was conducted during a cross-sectional study of 1,671 (aged 21–55 years) individuals in North-Western Tanzania. Blood samples were obtained for HIV-1 screening and CD4+ cell quantification. A single stool sample was examined for S. mansoni eggs using the Kato-Katz technique. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic-economic information. Results The prevalence of PPF (grade C-F) was 13.79% and 15.01% for the HIV-1 infected and non-infected individuals (P = 0.72). Male gender (P< 0.001), age group 21–30 years (P< 0.028) and, residential time of 11–20 (P< 0.01) and ≥21 years (P< 0.01) were associated with PPF in S. mansoni infected individuals. The height-adjusted measurements of the left liver lobe were significantly larger in HIV-1/S. mansoni co-infected compared to S. mansoni only-infected individuals (t = −2.0702, P< 0.039). Predictors of the height-adjusted measurements of the left liver lobe and spleen were age, male gender, malaria infection, fishing occupation, village of residence and heavy intensity of S. mansoni infection. After accounting for these factors, neither HIV-1 infection nor CD4+ cell counts predicted PPF, hepatosplenomegaly, measurements of the liver or spleen. Height-adjusted ultrasound measurements of the left liver lobe did not correlate with the CD4+ cells counts in co-infected individuals (r = −0.16, P = 0.084). Conclusion S. mansoni-related PPF, liver and spleen enlargement are prevalent in the study population. The intensity of S. mansoni infection was associated with the enlargement of liver, spleen and hepatosplenomegaly. The PPF grades observed were similar in both HIV-1/S. mansoni co-infected and in those only infected with S. mansoni. There was no evidence that HIV-1 infection or CD4+ cells counts were associated with these S. mansoni morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. .,Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Parasitology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Parasitology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Domenica Morona
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Therese E Lutufyo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Geofrey Kaatano
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| |
Collapse
|