New insights into the epigenetic control of satellite cells

Table 1 Summary of the main epigenetic events regulating the satellite cells status during myogenesis

SC status	Epigenetic regulation	Ref.
Quiescent	↓ H3K27me31 and ↑ H3K4me32	[59,60]
	Bivalent domains (H3K27me3 + H3K4me3)	[59]
	↑ miR-489 ┤DEK3	[57]
	↑ miR-31 ┤Myf54	[58]
Activated	↑ H3K4me3 on cell cycle genes	[19]
	↑ H3K27me3 on the Pax75 gene	[65]
	↑ P38 γ-MAPK6→ p-MyoD7 + KMT1A8 ┤myogenin	[66]
	MyoD + HDAC19 ┤p2110 and muscle genes	[67,68]
	HDAC4/511 ┤MEF212	[69]
	HDAC4 → Pax7, Lix113	[70]
	↑ miR-27a/b ┤myostatin and Pax313	[71,72]
	↑ miR-133a ┤serum response factor	[73]
	↑ miR-206 ┤TIMP314 and Pax3	[75,76]
Differentiating	↑ H3K27me3 on cell cycle and alternative fate genes	[59,64,65,76-78]
	↑ H3K43me on Myf5	[19]
	↓ HDAC1 → MyoD-dependent genes	[68]
	HDAC4/5 in the cytoplasm → MEF2	[69]
	↑ P38 α/β-MAPK15→ SWI-SNF16→ myogenin and creatine kinase genes	[82,83]
	↑ miR-214, miR-26a, and miR-29 ┤Ezh217 and YY118	[84-86]
	↑ miR-128a, miR-26a, miR-1, miR-206, miR-133a, and miR-133b ┤cell cycle	[87,88,90,91]
	↑ miR-206 ┤notch319, igfbp520, Meox221, RARB22, Fzd723,MAP4K324,CLCN325, and NFAT526	[59,89]
	↑ miR-133a ┤PRDM1627 and the IGF-128 receptor	[78,80]
	↑ miR-26a ┤Smad129 and Smad430	[96]
	↑ miR-206 and miR-29 ┤Smad331	[97]
	↓ miR-23a ┤myosin heavy chain	[98]

¹Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3);

²Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3);

³DEK oncogene;

⁴Myogenic factor 5;

⁵Paired box 7;

⁶p38 gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK);

⁷Phospho-myogenic differentiation;

⁸Also referred to as suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (Suv39h1);

⁹Histone deacetylase 1;

¹⁰Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A;

¹¹Histone deacetylase 4/5;

¹²Limb expression 1 homolog (chicken);

¹³Paired box 3;

¹⁴TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3;

¹⁵p38 alpha/gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase;

¹⁶SWI/SNF complex;

¹⁷Enhancer of zeste homolog 2;

¹⁸YY1 transcription factor;

¹⁹Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 gene;

²⁰Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5;

²¹Mesenchyme homeobox 2 (Meox2);

²²Retinoic acid receptor, beta (RARB);

²³Frizzled class receptor 7 (Fzd7);

²⁴Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP4K3);

²⁵Chloride channel, voltage-sensitive 3 (CLCN3);

²⁶Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, tonicity-responsive (NFAT5);

²⁷PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16);

²⁸Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1);

²⁹SMAD family member 1;

³⁰SMAD family member 4;

³¹SMAD family member 3. HDAC: Histone deacetylase.