Current focus of stem cell application in retinal repair

Table 1 Summary of retinal diseases and the type of cells affected in each case

Retinal disease	Type of cells affected
Age-related macular degeneration	Photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells
Glaucoma	Retinal ganglion cells and their axons
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy	Retinal ganglion cells
Retinitis pigmentosa	Photoreceptors
Diabetic retinopathy	Neural retinal cells

Table 2 Summary of the routes of administration of stem cells

Type of stem cells	Route of administration	Species used	Ref.
ESC-neural stem cell	Subretinal and intravitreal	Rat	Lu et al[16]
ESC- retinal progenitor cells	Subretinal space	Mouse	Cui et al[21]
ESC- photoreceptors	Subretinal space	Mouse	Decembrini et al[10] Gonzalez-Cordero et al[11]
ESC-RPE	Subretinal space	Rat	Diniz et al[13]
iPSC	Subretinal space	Rat	Fang et al[35]
hiPSC-RPE	Subretinal space	Rat	Kamao et al[24]
		Mouse	Maeda et al[25]
iPSC-photoreceptors	Subretinal space	Pig	Zhou et al[23]
hiPSC-neural progenitors	Intravitreal	Rat	Satarian et al[32]
ADMSC	Intravitreal	Rat	Haddad-Mashadrizeh et al[43]
ADMSC	Intravenous	Rat	Yang et al[6]

ESC: Embryonic stem cells; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cells; ADMSC: Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells.