Tooth-derived stem cells: Update and perspectives

Table 1 Classification of stem cells according to their plasticity[^1,2,41,66]

Stem cell type	Description
Totipotent	Stem cells able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) and extra-embryonic tissues (e.g., zygote)
Pluripotent	Stem cells able to differentiate into all cells of the body, but that cannot form extra-embryonic tissues (e.g., embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells)
Multipotent	Stem cells that have differentiation abilities restricted to some cell types, usually from the germ layer they are derived from (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells)

Table 2 Characterization of tooth-derived stem cells

TDSCs	Ref.	Location	Expression markers		Differentiation capacity
			Positive	Negative	In vitro	In vivo
DPSCs	[13,44,46,51,65]	Permanent tooth pulp	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox-2, nanog	CD14, CD34, CD45	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Dentin-like structures
SHED	[49,51,53,69,70]	Deciduous tooth pulp	CD29, CD105, CD146, STRO-1	CD31, CD34	Osteoblast, odontoblast, adipocyte, neural cell	Dentin formation, induce bone formation by murine host cells
SCAP	[13,56,57,65]	Apical papilla of developing tooth	CD24, CD29, CD31, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox-2, nanog, survivin	CD14, CD18, CD34, CD45, CD150	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Dentin-like tissue
DFPCs	[13,54,56,65,72]	Dental follicle of developing tooth	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, nestin	CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD117	Osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, neuron	Bone/cementum-like tissue
PDLSCs	[13,57,60,73]	Permanent tooth periodontal ligament	CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD146, STRO-1, Oct-3/4, Sox2, nanog, nestin	CD14, CD34, CD34, CD45	Osteoblast/cementoblast,adipocyte, neuron	Periodontal ligament/ cementum-like tissue
DePDL	[60]	Deciduous tooth periodontal ligament	CD105, CD166, STRO-Oct-4	CD34, CD45	Osteoblast, adipocyte

CD: Cluster of differentiation; DePDL: Periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth stem cells; DFPCs: Dental follicle progenitor cells; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; Oct: Octamer; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; SCAP: Stem cells from apical papilla; SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; Sox2: SRY-box containing gene 2.