Arterial calcification: Finger-pointing at resident and circulating stem cells

Table 1 Phenotypic markers for circulating and resident progenitors cells

Name of the progenitors	Antigens	Notes (origin)	Ref.
MSC, EPC and CEC in human
MSC	CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD14-, CD34-, CD45-, CD79-, and CD19-	Resident from various tissues	Dominici et al[103]
vw-MPSC	CD44+, CD90+, CD73+, CD34-, CD45-	Resident from arterial adventitia	Klein et al[54]
vw-MSC	CD44+, CD90+, CD73+, CD105+, CD29+, CD166+, Stro-1, Notch-1 and Oct-4	Resident from aortic arches, thoracic and femoral arteries	Pasquinelli et al[52,53]
Circulating MSC	CD105+, CD166+, CD54+, CD55+, CD13+, CD44+; CD34-, CD45-, CD14-, CD31-, CD133-	Circulating and resident from bone marrow; cartilage; synovial membrane; peripheral blood; umbilical cord blood; teeth	Qian et al[104]
Circulating EPC	CD34+, CD133+, VEGFR2+ (KDR)	Circulating and resident from bone marrow; peripheral blood; umbilical cord blood; hematopoietic stem cells; hemangioblast; fat tissues
Circulating total PC	CD133+; CD34+; CD133+/CD34+	Circulating	Baker et al[105]
Circulating EC	CD146+/CD31+			Circulating
Circulating EPC	CD34+ VEGFR+ CD133+				Circulating
Circulating EPC	(CD34+/CD133–/KDR+/CD45–) expressing VDR+ or OCN+, and VDR+ and OCN+	Circulating (in chronic kidney disease)	Cianciolo et al[106]
Circulating EPC	CD133+, CD34+, KDR+	Circulating (in rheumatoid arthritis with coronary Calcification)	Yiu et al[107]
OPs in human
OP	CD44+, CD63+, CD146+, Stro-1+	Resident bone marrow	Gronthos et al[108]
CVC	3G5+	Resident from arteries (Pericytes markers)	Bostrom et al[109]
Circulating osteocalcin-positive mononuclear cells	OCN+	Circulating bone marrow derived	Pal et al[93]
Circulating progenitor cells (Pro-calcific differentiation)	CD34+/OCN+; CD34+/BAP+; CD34+/OCN+/BAP+; OCN+/KDR+ ratio; BAP+/KDR+ ratio; OCN+/ BAP+/KDR+ ratio	Circulating (in diabete mellitus)	Fadini et al[110]
Circulating EPC expressing osteocalcin	OCN+/CD133+/CD34-/KDR+	Circulating (in cardiovascular disease)	Flammer et al[95]
Circulating EPC expressing osteocalcin	OCN+/CD133+/CD34-/ KDR+	Circulating (in coronary atherosclerosis, plaques instability)	Gössl et al[97]
Circulating T cells	CD28- CD8 +T cells	Circulating (in calcific aortic stenosis)	Winchester et al[111]
OPs in mouse models
Mesenchymal OPs	CD45-/TER119-/ Sca-1+/PDGFRa+	Resident in the mouse bone marrow	Morikawa et al[112]
Bone marrow-derived calcifying cells	Sca-1+/PDGFRa- and Sca-1+/PDGFRa+	Resident from mice aorta	Cho et al[113]
Circulating osteogenic cells	Sca-1+, PDGFRa+, CD45-, CD44+, CXCR4+	Circulating in ectopic bone formation in a mouse model	Otsuru et al[114]

MSC: Mesenchymal stromal cells; EPC: Endothelial progenitors cells; CEC: Circulating endothelial cells; vw-MPSC: Vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cells; vw-MSC: Vascular wall-resident multipotent mesenchymal stem cells; PC: Progenitors cells; CVC: Calcifying vascular cells; OPs: Osteoprogenitors; CD: Cluster of differentiation; Oct-4: Octamer-binding transcription factor 4; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; OCN: Osteocalcin; VEGFR2 (KDR): Kinase insert domain receptor; VDR: Vitamin D receptor; BAP: Bone alkaline phosphatase; Sca-1: Stem cells antigen-1; PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor; CXCR-4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4.