Regenerative medicine based applications to combat stress urinary incontinence

Table 1 Periurethral stem/progenitor cell injections improving leak point and urethral closure pressures in various studies

Study	Stem/progenitor cell source	SUI model	LPP findings in cmH2O at 4 wk status post injection	Absolute difference in LPP in cmH2O and percent improvement
Lee et al[117]	Allogenic gastrocnemius MDSC	Rat, sciatic nerve transection	MDSC = 44.1 ± 6.6 Saline = 18.6 ± 5.2 Control (-) = 25.8 ± 2.5	MDSC = 18.3 ± 9.1, 70.93%
Kwon et al[67]	Muscle derived cells and fibroblasts	Rats, sciatic nerve transection	MDSC = 38.2 ± 4.3 Fibroblast = 38.8 ± 1.2 MDSC/fibroblast = 34.5 ± 3.3 Control (-) = 25.8 ± 1.4 Control (+) = 43.3 ± 2.5	MDSC = 12.4 ± 5.7, 48.06% Fibroblast = 13.0 ± 2.6, 50.38% MDSC/Fibroblast = 8.7 ± 4.7, 33.72%
Fu et al[118]	Adipose derived stem cells induced into myoblasts with 5-azacytidine	Rats, vaginal balloon dilation	Myoblast = 32.43 ± 2.05 ADSCs = 30.75 ± 3.17 Control (-) = 36.19 ± 2.25 Control (+) = 45.42 ± 1.71	Myoblast = -3.76 ± 4.3, -10.38% ADSC = -5.44 ± 5.42, -15.03%
Kinebuchi et al[69]	Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells	Rats, urethrolysis and cardiotoxic injection	BMSC = 25.66 ± 4.38 Control (-) = 18.19 ± 1.55 Control (+) = 35.98 ± 5.14	BMSC = 7.47 ± 5.93, 41.06%
Lim et al[119]	Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells	Rats, electrocauterization of periurethral soft tissue	HUCS = 91.75 ± 18.99 Control (-) = 65.02 ± 22.09	HUCS = 26.76 ± 41.08, 41.16%
Kim et al[120]	Allogenic mesenchymal stem cells	Rats, pudendal nerve transection	MSC = 43.1 ± 3.2 Control (-) = 22.0 ± 2.2 Control (+) = 29.1 ± 2.1	MSC: 21.1 ± 5.4, 95.90%
Zhao et al[93]	Autologous adipose derived stem cells + NGF	Rats, pudendal nerve transection	ADSC/PLGA = 17.8 ± 3.1 ADSC/NGF = 18.3 ± 2.4 ADSC/PLGA/NGF = 22.5 ± 6.1 Control (-) = 11.6 ± 2.7	ADSC/PLGA = 6.2 ± 5.8, 53.44% ADSC/NGF = 6.7 ± 5.1, 57.75% ADSC/PLGA/NGF = 10.9 ± 8.8, 93.96%
Corcos et al[72]	Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells	Rats, pudendal nerve transection	MSC = 24.28 ± 1.47 Control (-) = 16.21 ± 1.26	MSC = 8.07 ± 2.73, 49.78%
Watanabe et al[121]	Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells	Rats, pelvic nerve transection	Subtracted LPPs: Collagen = 9.39 ± 2.08 ASC = 8.86 ± 3.13 Control (-) = 10.94 ± 3.55
Kim et al[122]	Human amniotic fluid stem cells	Rats, pudendal nerve transection	hAFCs = 20.2 ± 3.3 Control (-) = 15.2 ± 3.1 Control (+) = 27.6 ± 3.6	hAFCs = 5.0 ± 6.4, 32.89%
Li et al[123]	Adipose derived stem cells	Rats, vaginal balloon dilation	ADSC = 46.34 ± 2.63 Control (-) = 36.82 ± 1.68 Control (+) = 48.92 ± 2.71	ADSC = 9.52 ± 4.31, 25.85%
Chun et al[66]	Human amniotic fluid stem cells	Rats, pudendal nerve transection	hAFCs = 23.9 ± 1.85 Muscle progenitors = 38.43 ± 0.51 Control (-) = 15.24 ± 1.87 Control (+) = 36.54 ± 1.67	hAFCs = 8.66 ± 3.72, 56.82% Muscle progenitors = 23.19 ± 2.38, 152.16%
Lecoeur et al[124]	Myofiber core of satellite cells	Pigs, endoscopic destruction of striated urethral sphincter	Myofiber = 71.5 ± 17.8 Curarization sphincter = 33.5 ± 14.8
Mitterberger et al[125]	Autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts	Humans (n = 123)	UCP = 28.8 ± 12.3 Post-operative UCP = 40.5 ± 15.8 after 1 year	11.7 ± 28.1, 40.62%
Mitterberger et al[126]	Autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts	Humans (n = 20)	Pre-operative UCP = 27.0 ± 13.3 Post-operative UCP (1 yr) = 39.4 ± 14.8 Post-operative UCP (2 yr) = 42.2 ± 12.1	66.4 ± 28.1, 45.92% (1 yr) 15.2 ± 25.4, 56.29%

SUI: Stress urinary incontinence; LPP: Leak point pressure; MDSC: Muscle derived stem cells; NGF: Nerve growth factor; ADSCs: Adipose derived stem cells; BMSC: Bone marrow stem cells; HUCS: Human umbilical cord serum; PLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); hAFCs: Human amniotic fluid cells; UCP: Pre-operative urethral closure pressures; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; ASC: Adipose stem cells.