Advances of nanotechnology applied to cancer stem cells

Table 1 Clinical trials of advances in nanotechnology applied in cancer stem cells

Identifier	Trial name	Enrollment
NCT04907422	Cluster of differentiation 24-gold nanocomposite expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction	60
NCT04907422	Nonconjugated cluster of differentiation 24 expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction	60

Table 2 Nanocarrier systems for cancer stem cells

Nanocarrier	Therapeutic agent	Cancer type	Delivery model	Cell line	CSC marker	Ref.
PNPs	CDF	Pancreas	HA-SMA could be engineered to form nanomicelles with a potent anticancer agent, CDF	MiaPaCa-2, AsPC-1	CD44	[42]
	DOX	Colon	HA-SS-MP	HCT116	CD44	[43]
	SFN	Breast	SFN/M-HA-SS-TA	MDA-MB-231, Hs578t, MCF7, MCF10A	CD44	[44]
	SN-38	Colon	CD133Ab-NP-SN-38	HCT116	CD133	[47]
	ITGA5	Breast	ITGA5-targeting NPs	MDA-MB-231	-	[48]
	DOX, tariquidar	Breast	mSiO2-dPG	MCF-7	-	[55]
	DOX, tariquidar	Cancer cell	TTNV	Hela, A547	CD44	[56]
	DS	GMB	PLGA	U87MG, U251MG, U373MG	ALDH	[57,58]
	miR-148a, miR-296-5p	GMB	nano-miRs	GBM1A	Oct4/Sox2	[60]
	TPZ	Breast	MSN	MCF-7	CD133	[54]
	Cyclopamine	Prostate	HPMA	RC-92a/hTERT	CD133	[57]
	HPI-1	Liver, pancreas	HPI-1 was loaded with PLGA-PEG NPs	Huh7, Pa03C	CD133	[58]
	RNA drugs	Liver	ET-tMNV	hep3B	EpCAM	[52]
	DOX, Cyc	Breast	HA-SS-PLGA	MCF-7 MDA-MB-231	CD44	[64]
	LDN193189	Liver	Fe3O4-OA-DHCA-PEI- HA	-	CD44	[61]
	DOX	Breast	Gold NPs coupled to adriamycin by nitrogen condensation bond	sk-3	-	[62]
	ZnS	Breast	ZnS	MCF-7	CD44	[63]
	DOX, all-trans retinoic acid	Liver	PLGA-b-PEG	Hepa1-6	EpCAM	[51]
	Epiampicin, arsenic trioxide	Liver	Nanomicelles	hepG2	CD44	[97]
	Resveratrol	Oral	NP	H-357	-	[69]
	Cisplatin	Liver	PEI-modified MSN	Huh7	CD133	[53]
Liposomes	SAL, DOX	Liver	Nanoliposomes	HepG2	CD133	[73]
	TRAIL, SAL	Cancer cell	Liposomes	CSCs	-	[72]
	DOX	Liver	HLs	HepG2	EpCAM, CD133	[74]
	DOX, SAL	Liver	Redox-triggered dual-targeted liposomes	Huh7	CD133EpCAM	[48]
	DTXPL, TEL	Lung	DOX loaded with polyethylene glycolized liposomes	NCI-H460	CD133	[76]
Gold nanorods	-	Head, neck	SPIONPs	Cal-27	CD44	[45]
	PKF, SAHA	Breast	PKF and SAHA loaded on the corona of GNPs	MCF-7	-	[81]
	-	Liver	CD133-targeting aptamers modified on the surface of quantum dots and gold NPs with partially complementary paired RNA (ssRNA)	Huh7	CD133	[82]
	DOX	Liver	EpCAM antibody conjugated onto lipophilic Au-NR	Hepa 1-6	EpCAM	[51]
	siRNA	Breast	Glu-NP	MDA-MB-231	GLUT1	[84]
	SAL	Breast	SAL-conjugated gold NPs, SAL-AuNPs	MCF-7	CD44	[86]
	HA	Breast	HA-capped AuNPs	MDA-MB-231	CD44	[86]
	Teleglenastat	Brain	Au-PEG-CD133-CB-839	GBM-1, NCH-644	CD133	[83]
GO	SAL	Ovarian	rGO-Ag	A2780	ALDH, CD133	[93]
CNTs	Paclitaxel	Breast	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes	HMLER	CD44	[45]
	-	brain	CD133 monoclonal antibody onto chitosan-modified CNTs	GBM tissues	CD133	[89]
	Paclitaxel, SAL	Breast	CD44 antibody hydrazone-linked onto SWCNT with pH-activated release system	MDA-MB-231	CD44+	[91]
	SAL	Glioblastoma	SAL-SWCNT-CHI-HA	AGS	CD44+	[90]

CD: Cluster of differentiation; CDF: 3,4-Difluorobenzylidene curcumin; anti-CD133 antibody-conjugated SN-38-loaded nanoparticles CNTs: Carbon nanotubes; CSCs: Cancer stem cells; Cyc: Cyclophosphamide;CB-839:telaglenastat; dPG: Dendritic polyglycerol; DOX: Doxorubicin; DTXPL: Docetaxel liposome; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; ET: EpCAM-targeted; Fe₃O₄-OA-DHCA-PEI- HA: Mgnetic nanocubes were synthesized and modified with PEI and HA; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme; GO: Graphene oxide; GLS1: Glutaminase 1; Glu-NP: Glucose-installed sub-50-nm unimer polyion complex-assembled gold nanoparticle; HA: Hyaluronic acid; HA-SMA: Hyaluronic acid conjugate of copoly (styrene maleic acid); HA-SS-MP: Hyaluronic acid-SS-mercaptopurine; HPMA: N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methylacrylamide; HLs: Hybrid lipo plastids;ITGA5: Integrin subunit alpha 5; MNVs: Milk-derived nanovesicles: M-HA-SS-TA: Mineralized HA-SS-tetracylecyl nanocarrier; miR: MicroRNA; miSO₂: Mesoporous silica; MSNs: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MWCNTs: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes; NPs: Nanoparticles; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; PKF: PKF118-310; PLGA: Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide); PNPs: Polymeric nanoparticles; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; rGO-Ag: Reduced graphene oxide–silver nanocomposite; SAHA: Vorinostat; SAL: Salomycin; SFN: Sulforaphane; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; SWCNT: Single-walled carbon nanotubes; SPIONPs: Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs; SAL-SWCNT-CHI-HA:CHI-coated SWCNTs loaded with SAL and functionalized with HA;TEL: Telmisartan; TPZ: Tirapazamine; TRAIL: Tumor necrosis factor-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand; TTNV: Targeted theranostic nano vehicle; ZnS: Zinc sulfide.