How to enhance the ability of mesenchymal stem cells to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration

Table 1 Effects of mRNA in vesicles on differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells into myeloid cells, for extracellular matrix production, and for inflammatory status

Differentiation to myeloid cells	Extracellular matrix production	Inflammatory state	RNA	Target	Ref.
Promotion			lncRNA CAHM	M1 macrophages	Li et al[26]
Promotion		Repression	miR-199a	GREM1	Wen et al[35]
Promotion			miR-140-5p	KLF5/N-cadherin/MDM2/Slug	Wang et al[34]
Promotion			miR-105-5p	Sirt6	Sun et al[33]
Promotion		Repression	miR-129-5p	p38 MAPK	Cui et al[31]
Promotion	Promotion		miR-17-5p	TLR4	Zhou et al[29]
Promotion			miR-194-5p	TRAF6	Sun et al[12]
Promotion			miR-21	p38 MAPK	Wang et al[10]
Promotion		Repression	miR-26a-5p	METTL14	Xuan et al[13]
Promotion			miR-532-5p	AKT-mTOR	Sun et al[12]
Promotion		Repression	miR-31	Wnt/β-Catenin	Wang et al[9]
Promotion			miR-155	BACH1	Shi et al[16]
	Promotion		miR-15a	PI3K/Akt	Zhang et al[14]
	Promotion		miR-217	EZH2	Hao et al[27]
Promotion	Promotion		cirRNA0050205	GPX4	Yu et al[25]
Promotion	Promotion		cirRNA0072464	NRF2	Yu et al[24]

AKT: Protein kinase B; BACH1: BTB-and-CNC homologue 1; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; GREM1: Gremlin1; KLF5: Kruppel-like factor 5; lncRNA CAHM: Long non-coding RNA colorectal adenocarcinoma hypermethylated; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDM2: Murine double minute 2; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TRAF6: Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6.