Application of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in bone regeneration: Opportunities and challenges

Table 1 The role of exosome-derived ncRNA in bone regeneration

Origin of exosomes	NcRNA	Pathway	Up/down	Mechanism	Animal model	Ref.
BMSC	lncRNA H19	HOXa H10	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	Mice	[105]
HBMSC	lncRNA MALAT1	SATB2	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	Mice	[108]
MM	lncRNARUNX2-AS1	RUNX2	Up	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	Mice	[102]
Prostate cancer cells	lncRNANEAT1	RUNX2	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	Mice	[109]
BMSC	miR-101	FBXW7	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	N/A	[78]
BMSC	miR-122-5p	SPRY2	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	Rabbit	[86]
HiPS-MSC	miR-135b	PDCD4	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	Rat	[80]
HBMSC	miR-935	STAT1	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	Rat	[87]
BMSC	miR-21	SMAD7	Down	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	N/A	[63]
BMSC	miR-424-5p	WIF1	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	N/A	[64]
Osteoclast	miR-23a-5p	RUNX2	Down	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	N/A	[89]
Fibroblasts	miR-23a	CXCL12	Down	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	N/A	[25]
BMSC	miR-186	Mob1	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	Rat	[74]
hASCs	miR-375	IGFBP3	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	Rat	[83]
ADSC	miR-130a-3p	SIRT7/Wnt	Down	Promoted osteogenesis	N/A	[70]
Bone Tissues	miR-100-5p	BMPR2/smad1/5/9	Down	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	Rat	[61]
ADSCs	miR-141-5p	KCNQ1OT1	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	N/A	[90]
Serum	circ_0006859	ROCK1	Up	Inhibit osteoblast differentiation	N/A	[118]
DPSCs	circLPAR1	SATB2	Up	Promoted osteogenesis	N/A	[115]
EPC	lncRNAMALAT1	ITGB1	Up	Promoted osteoclastogenesis	Mice	[153]
Osteoblast	circ_0008542	RANK	Up	Promoted osteoclastogenesis	Mice	[156]
ASCs	miR-378	Sufu	Up	Promoted angiogenic	Rat	[140]
BMMSC	miR-126	PI3K/Akt	Down	Promoted angiogenic	Mice	[132]
BMSC	miR-21-5p	AKT and MAPK	Up	Promoted angiogenic	Rat	[136]
HRMECs	lncRNA SNHG7	XBP1	Up	Inhibit angiogenic	N/A	[142]
BMSC	miR-126	SPRED1	Down	Promoted angiogenic	Rats	[128]
BMSC	miR-224-3p	RB1CC1	Up	Promoted angiogenic	Rats	[125]
BMSC	miR-21-5p	SPRY2	Down	Promoted angiogenic	Rats	[138]
SHED	miR-26a	TGF-β/SMAD2/3	Up	Promoted angiogenic	Mice	[131]

BMSC: Bone mesenchymal stem cell; HRMEC: Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells; BMMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; ASC: Atypical squamous cell; EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell; ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cell; HASC: Human adipose-derived stem cell; N/A: No animal; MM: Multiple myeloma.