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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2021; 13(7): 776-794
Published online Jul 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.776
Published online Jul 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.776
Table 1 Summary of the techniques used to manipulate the content of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their exosomes
Technique | Description | Direct/indirect exosomal loading |
Transfection | A lentiviral vector or a plasmid is encoded with the desired miRNA and introduced to the MSCs[57,85,100,102] | Indirect |
Electroporation | Electrical pulses in microseconds to milliseconds durations are applied to cause a temporary loss of the stability of the membranes of both MSCs and exosomes, which allows cargo to pass into the cell or exosomes[45,47,81,97] | Direct and indirect |
Sonication | Low-frequency ultrasound is applied to disrupt the membrane integrity of the exosomes and form small pores in their membrane to allow small RNAs into the exosomes[114,116] | Direct |
Modified calcium chloride transfection | Phosphate-buffered saline is slowly mixed with a CaCl2 solution containing the desired small RNA which leads to formation of RNA-calcium phosphate precipitates on the cell/exosomes . A heat shock is added to the solution to change the fluidity of the exosomes' plasma membranes for introducing[118] | Direct |
Co-incubation of exosome with hydrophobically modified RNA | Conjugating the small RNA with a cholesterol moiety enhances hydrophobicity of the RNA and allows for diffusing the exosomal membrane during simple incubation[119] | Direct |
- Citation: Nasirishargh A, Kumar P, Ramasubramanian L, Clark K, Hao D, Lazar SV, Wang A. Exosomal microRNAs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: Biology and applications in neuroprotection. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13(7): 776-794
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v13/i7/776.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.776