Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2021; 13(7): 753-775
Published online Jul 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.753
Published online Jul 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.753
Table 1 Summary of differentiation capacities between different mesenchymal stem cell types
MSC type | Clinical extraction methods | Osteogenic | Chondrogenic | Adipogenic |
BMSCs | From the anterior iliac crest, posterior superior iliac crest, tibial tubercle, or sternum | ++ | ++ | + |
SMSCs | From the knee joints and shoulder during surgery | ++ | ++++ | +++ |
ADSCs | Liposuction at subcutaneous adipose tissue | + | + | +++ |
PSCs | Stripped from the tibia | +++ | +++ | ++ |
Table 2 Summary of pre-clinical studies using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Ref. | Animal/model | Cell/cell number | Method of delivery | Control | Outcome measurement/timeline |
Lim et al[52], 2004 | Rabbit/Bilateral ACL reconstructions using hamstring tendon autografts | BMSC/3-4 × 106 | Grafts were coated with BMSCs in a fibrin glue carrier | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics/2, 4, and 8 wk |
Ouyang et al[53], 2004 | Rabbit/The hallucis longus tendons were translated into calcaneal bone tunnels | BMSCs/× 107 | BMSCs immobilized in fibrin glue were injected in the bone tunnel | Translation without BMSCs | Histology, immunohistochemistry/2, 4, and 6 wk |
Soon et al[54], 2007 | Rabbit/Bilateral ACL reconstructions using Achilles tendon allografts | BMSCs/4 × 106 | Grafts were coated with BMSCs in a fibrin glue carrier | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics/2, 4, and 8 wk |
Gulotta et al[60], 2009 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSC/× 106 | BMSCs were pelleted down and mixed with fibrin sealant for implantation | Rotator cuff repair without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics, cell tracking/2, 4 wk |
Nourissat et al[57], 2010 | Rat/Destructing the enthesis of the Achilles' tendon and attaching the tendon back to the calcaneum | BMSCs/4 × 106, chondrocytes/4 × 106 | Cells were injected at the site of repair | Defect without cells | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics/15, 30, and 45 d |
Li et al[56], 2011 | Rat/The isolated flexor digitorum longus tendon were translated into tibia bone tunnels | BMSCs/5 × 106 | BMSCs were injected into the tendon-bone interface | Translation without BMSCs | Biomechanics, cell tracking/2, 4, and 8 wk |
Kida et al[16], 2013 | Rat/Bilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/- | Drilling into the bone marrow was performed in the greater tuberosity | Rotator cuff repair without drilling | Histology, biomechanics, cell tracking/2, 4, and 8 wk |
Kanazawa et al[61], 2014 | Rabbit/Bilateral ACL reconstruction without a tibial bone tunnel using semitendinosus tendon autografts | BMSCs/× 106 | BMSCs with the collagen sponge or a fibrin sealant were transplanted between the bottom of the grafted tendon and the bone pit of the tibia | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Histology, immunohistochemistry/4 and 8 wk |
Teng et al[62], 2016 | Rabbit/Unilateral ACL reconstructions using hamstring tendon autografts | BMSCs/× 107 | Graft wrapped with PRP and BMSCs in fibrin glue and secured to the periosteum by surgical | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics, RT-PCR, micro-CT scan/4 and 8 wk |
Degen et al[58], 2016 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and transosseous repair of the supraspinatus tendon | Human BMSCs/ | BMSCs placed at the tendon-bone interface with fibrin glue | Rotator cuff repair without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics/2 and 4 wk |
Setiawati et al[64], 2017 | Rabbit/Unilateral ACL reconstructions using semitendinosus tendon autografts | Rabbit BMSCs/2 × 106 with 100 μg VEGF | BMSCs were injected into the bone tunnel | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Biomechanics, immunohistochemistry, MRI/3 and 6 wk |
Thangarajah et al[65], 2018 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and transosseous repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/106 | BMSCs + DBM placed on the decorticated humeral head with fibrin glue | Rotator cuff repair without DBM | Histology, cell tracking, pqCT/6 wk |
Lu et al[59], 2019 | Rat/The isolated flexor digitorum longus tendon were translated into tibia bone tunnels | BMSCs/106 | BMSCs were injected into the tendon-bone interface | Translation without BMSCs | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics/2 and 6 wk |
Liu et al[67], 2019 | Dog/Unilateral full-thickness infraspinatus tendon injury was created | BMSCs/106 | Detached tendon was sandwiched between the two tendon layers of TFBC and one BMSCs sheet seeded on the tendon interfaces | Rotator cuff repair without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics/6 wk |
Hur et al[55], 2019 | Rabbit/Unilateral ACL reconstructions using extensor digitorum longi tendon autografts | BMSCs/1.0 -1.5 × 107 | BMSCs embedded in fibrin glue was injected to the end of graft | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | Histology, micro-CT/12 wk |
Han et al[63], 2019 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/- | - | Rotator cuff repair without BMSCs | Histology, biomechanics, RT-PCR/4 and 8 wk |
Huang et al[71], 2020 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and reconstruction of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSC-Exos/200 μg | BMSC-Exos were injected into the tail vein | Rotator cuff repair with PBS | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics, RT-PCR, micro-CT/4 and 8 wk |
Shi et al[70], 2020 | Mice/Destructing the enthesis of the Achilles' tendon and attaching the tendon back to the calcaneum | BMSC-Exos/- | Exos mixed with hydrogel and implantation in the mice | Defect without Exos | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics, RT-PCR/7, 14, and 30 d |
Table 3 Summary of pre-clinical studies using gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Ref. | Animal/model | Cell/cell number | Transfected gene | Method of delivery | Control | Timeline | Outcome measurement |
Gulotta et al[72], 2010 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/× 106 | MT1-MMP | BMSCs were pelleted down and mixed with fibrin sealant for implantation | Rotator cuff repair with normal BMSCs | 2 and 4 wk | Histology, biomechanics |
Gulotta et al[76], 2011 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/× 106 | Scx | BMSCs were pelleted down and mixed with fibrin sealant for implantation | Rotator cuff repair with normal BMSCs | 2 and 4 wk | Histology, biomechanics |
Gulotta et al[77], 2011 | Rat/Unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/× 106 | BMP-13 | BMSCs were pelleted down and mixed with fibrin sealant for implantation | Rotator cuff repair with normal BMSCs | 2 and 4 wk | Histology, biomechanics |
Dong et al[78], 2012 | Rabbit/Unilateral ACL reconstructions using gastrocnemius tendon autografts | BMSCs/× 107 | BMP-2 | Grafts were coated with BMSCs in a fibrin glue carrier | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | 4 and 8 wk | Histology, biomechanics |
Wang et al[79], 2017 | Rabbit/Unilateral ACL reconstructions using flexor digitorum longus tendon autografts | BMSCs/- | TGF-β | BMSCs were injected into the bone tunnel and graft tendon cavity | ACL reconstruction with normal BMSCs | 6 and 12 wk | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics, 3D-CT |
Wang et al[80], 2018 | Rat/Bilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon | BMSCs/1.6 × 107 | PDGF-B | BMSCs with fibrin glue implanted into the defects | Rotator cuff repair with irrelevant plasmid-transfected BMSCs | 4 and 8 wk | Histology, immunohistochemistry, biomechanics |
Table 4 Summary of clinical studies using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Ref. | Study type/patient number | Cell/cell number | Method of delivery | Control | Follow up | Outcome measurement |
Jo et al[82], 2013 | Cohort study/124 | BMSCs/- | Drilling into the bone marrow was performed in the greater tuberosity | Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without drilling | At a minimum of 2 yr | VAS, ROM, muscle strength, functional scores, MRI, CTA |
Hernigou et al[84], 2014 | Case-controlled study/90 | BMSCs/12 mL (51000 ± 25000 cells) | BMSCs were injected into the tendon-bone interface | Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without BMSCs | At a minimum of 10 yr | ROM, muscle strength, MRI, ultrasound |
Silva et al[85], 2014 | RCT/43 | BMSCs/- | BMSCs were injected in the tunnel | ACL reconstruction without BMSCs | 3 mo | MRI |
Taniguchi et al[83], 2015 | Retrospective cohort study/111 | BMSCs/- | Drilling into the bone marrow was performed in the greater tuberosity | Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without drilling | 12-24 mo | MRI |
- Citation: Xu Y, Zhang WX, Wang LN, Ming YQ, Li YL, Ni GX. Stem cell therapies in tendon-bone healing. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13(7): 753-775
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v13/i7/753.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.753