Mesenchymal stromal cell-dependent immunoregulation in chemically-induced acute liver failure

Table 1 Immunoregulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stromal cells in alleviating chemically-induced acute liver failure

Species of MSCs	Source	Dose	Model	Reagents for model	Immune cell	Mechanism	Effect	Ref.
Mouse	Bone marrow	5 × 105	Mouse	α-GalCer	Treg	Increase the population of Tregs and their capacity to produce IL-10; attenuate hepatotoxicity of NKT cells in an IDO-dependent manner	Attenuate ALF	Gazdic et al[9]
Mouse	Bone marrow	1 × 106	Mouse	TAA	Macrophage/T cell	Inhibit macrophage infiltration; reduce Th1 and Th17 cells and increase Tregs	Ameliorate FHF and reduces mortality	Huang et al[78]
Rat	Bone marrow	1 × 107	Rat	D-GalN/LPS	Neutrophil	Reduce the number and activity of neutrophils in both peripheral blood and liver	Improve the liver function	Zhao et al[77]
Mouse	Bone marrow	5 × 105	Mouse	Con A/α-GalCer	NKT cell	Attenuate the cytotoxicity and capacity of liver NKT in an iNOS- and IDO-dependent manner	Attenuate ALF	Gazdic et al[72]
Mouse	Bone marrow	5 × 105	Mouse	CCl4/a-GalCer	NKT cell	Reduce IL-17-producing NKT cells and increase the presence of IL-10-producing NKT regulatory cells in an IDO-dependent manner	Attenuate ALF	Milosavljevic et al[74]
Mouse	Adipose tissue	AMSC-Exo, 400 μg	Mouse	LPS/D-GalN	Macrophage	Reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages by targeting TXNIP	Attenuate ALF	Liu et al[36]

α-GalCer: α-Galactosylceramide; ALF: Acute liver failure; AMSC-Exo: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; CCl₄: Carbon tetrachloride; Con A: Concanavalin A; D-GalN: D-galactosamine; FHF: Fulminant hepatic failure; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NKT: Natural killer T; NLRP3: NOD2 activates (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3; TAA: Thioacetamide; Th1: T helper 1; Th17: T helper 17; Treg: Regulatory T cell; TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein.