Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration

Table 1 List of dental stem cells used for three-dimensional tissue regeneration

Dental stem cells	Biomaterials	Addition of materials/growth factors/cells	Type of tissue regeneration	Ref.
DPSCs
DPSCs	CaP porous granules, NF-gelatin/MgP	No	Odontogenic differentiation	Nam et al[24], and Qu et al[30]
	SS-PLLA-b-PLYS, pNIPAAm, NF-PLLA	No	Pulp-dentin regeneration	Kuang et al[16], Itoh et al[17], and Soares et al[18]
	Coll/HA/PLCL, ABM/ABM-P-15, PVA/PU	No	Bone tissue	Mohanram et al[13], Cooke et al[19], and Akkouch et al[21]
	OMMT/PVA	No	Neuro-like cells	Ghasemi Hamidabadi et al[47]
	Matrigel	No	Endotheliocytes and pericytes	Luzuriaga et al[51]
	Collagen gel	SDF1, bFGF	Dental pulp tissue	Suzuki et al[23]
		BMP7
DPSCs with growth factors	Ti6Al4V	Poly-L-lys coating	Osteoblastic differentiation	Galli et al[32]
	Porous silk fibroin	bFGF	Dental pulp tissue	Yang et al[26]
	PCL	VEGF, BMP2	Vascularized bone tissue	Park et al[39]
	HP hydrogel	bFGF	Spinal cord	Luo et al[48]
DPSCs with other cells	Matrigel and collagen gel	Human normal oral epithelial cells	Epithelium invagination-like structure	Xiao and Tsutsui[35]
	PCL/PLDLA	Endothelial cells	Vascularized bone tissue	Jin and Kim[36]
	PLLA/PLGA	Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts	Spinal cord	Guo et al[50]
DPSCs in 3D printed scaffolds	HA/TCP	Apical papilla (SCAP)	Pulp-dentin regeneration	Hilkens et al[40]
	PCL	Platelet-rich plasma	Calvaria bone	Li et al[27]
	Alg-Gel		Bone	Yu et al[38]
	PLAS		Neural differentiation	Hsiao et al[42]
	AMP/ECM		Craniomaxillofacial bone	Dubey et al[41]
SHED
SHED with growth factors	No	EGF, FGF	Spinal cord	Feng et al[58]
	No	SHED-conditioned medium	Sciatic nerve	Sugimura-Wakayama et al[59]
SHED in 3D formed scaffolds	Polylactoglycolide, SHED aggregated hemisphere		Bone tissue	Laino et al[56], and Vakhrushev et al[57]
PDLSCs
PDLSCs	Hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP)		Periodontal tissue	Kim et al[66]
	GelMA/PEG		PDLSC proliferation	Ma et al[80]
PDLSCs with growth factors	PLGA	CTGF, BMP-7, BMP-2	Periodontal tissue	Cho et al[73]
	Platelet-rich fibrin	Aspirin	Periodontal tissue	Du et al[76]
PDLSCs with other cells	Collagen/Chitosan	Somatic MSCs and DPSCs	Odontogenic differentiation	Ravindran et al[79]
	No	HUVECs	Periodontal tissue	Kramer[77]
	PLGA–PEG–PLGA thermal hydrogel	PDLSCs overexpressing PDGF-BB	Alveolar bone tissue	Pan et al[78]
SCAP
SCAP with growth factors	PLLA nanofibrous microspheres (NF-MS)	BMP-2	Pulp-dentin regeneration	Wang et al[86]
	No	BMP-2, SDF-1α	Odontoblast differentiation	Xiao et al[87]
	Alg-Dent hydrogel	Dentin ECM	Pulp-dentin regeneration	Athirasala et al[95]
DFPCs
DFPCs	Coll-nano-HA/OPS		Bone tissue	Salgado et al[102]

DFPCs: Dental follicle progenitor cells; SCAP: Stem cells from apical papilla; PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells; SHED: Human exfoliated deciduous teeth; DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; SDF1: Stromal-derived factor-1α; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; BMP-7: Bone morphogenetic protein-7; Ti6Al4V: Titanium-6-aluminum-4-vanadium; Poly-L-lys: Poly-L-lysine; CaP: Calcium phosphate; OECs: Human normal oral epithelial cells; PLCL: Collagen (Coll)/hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(l-lactide-coε-caprolactone); NF-gelatin/MgP: Gelatin/magnesium phosphate; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP-2: Morphogenetic protein-2; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; PCL: Polycaprolactone; NF-SMS: Nanofibrous spongy microspheres; SS-PLLA-b-PLYS: Star-shaped poly(l-lactic acid)-block-poly(l-lysine); PLDLA: Poly-L/D-lactide; ECs: Endothelial cells; HA/TCP: Hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate; OMMT/PVA: Chitosan-intercalated montmorillonite/poly(vinyl alcohol); PRP: Platelet-rich plasma; pNIPAAm: Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide gel; HP: Heparin-poloxamer hydrogel; NF-PLLA: Nanofibrous poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds; Alg-Gel: Alginate/gelatin hydrogel; 3DP-PLASs: Polylactic acid scaffolds; ABM: Bone mineral; ABM-P-15: Biomimetic collagen peptide; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol; PU: Polyurethane; AMPs: Amorphous magnesium phosphates; ECM: Extracellular matrix; PLLA: Polylactoglycolide scaffolds; NF-MS: Nanofibrous microspheres; SDF-1α: Normal cell-derived factor-1α; GelMA: Gelatin methacrylate; PEG: Poly(ethylene glycol); dimethacrylate; PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acids); CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; HUVECs: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; Coll-nano-HA/OPS: Collagen-nanohydroxyapatite/phosphoserine.