Antler stem cells and their potential in wound healing and bone regeneration

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of locations of antler stem cells. A: Schematic diagram to show the three axes of the antler development: A ↔ P: Anterior-posterior axis; D ↔ V: Dorso-ventral axis; M ↔ L: Medio-lateral axis; B: The antlerogenic periosteum is present in the embryo and after birth as a localized thickening of the periosteum of the frontal bone; C: Regeneration of an antler initiated from the cells residing in the pedicle periosteum; D: Endochondral bone growth occurs at the distal tip, and cells in the reserve mesenchyme are responsible for rapid antler growth. Star in insert figure: Location of antler stem cells.