Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy for Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review of preclinical studies

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the literature search and selection process for meta-analysis. MSC-Exo: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome.

Figure 2 Forest plot. A: Rotarod test; B: Subgroup analyses by mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle intervention period. CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation.

Figure 3 Rotarod test plots. A: Funnel plot with pseudo-95% confidence limits; B: Egger’s publication bias plot; C: Filled funnel plot with pseudo-95% confidence limits. CI: Confidence interval; SMD: Standardized mean difference.

Figure 4 Forest plot. A: Apomorphine turning behavior test; B: Subgroup analyses by mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles intervention period. CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation.

Figure 5 Apomorphine turning behavior test plots. A: Funnel plot with pseudo-95% confidence limits; B: Egger’s publication bias plot. CI: Confidence interval; SMD: Standardized mean difference; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 6 Forest plot. A: Number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra; B: Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles source subgroup for tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. CI: Confidence interval; BMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; HUCMSC: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell.

Figure 7 Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in treating Parkinson’s disease. α-syn: α-synuclein.