Stem cell therapy: A promising therapeutic approach for skeletal muscle atrophy

Figure 1 Different causes of muscular atrophy. ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Figure 2 The mechanism underlying muscle atrophy. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; Akt: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; UPS: Ubiquitin-proteasome system; ALP: Autophagy-lysosome pathway.

Figure 3 The potential role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Figure 4 The potential role of adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 5 The potential role of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. UC-MSCs: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.

Figure 6 The potential role of induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. iPSCs: Induced pluripotent stem cells.