Therapeutic utility of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells-based approaches in pulmonary diseases: Recent advancements and prospects

Figure 1 Potential mechanisms of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy in pulmonary diseases. The therapeutic effects of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in treating pulmonary diseases involve multiple mechanisms, such as the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, the regenerative and differentiation properties, and the antimicrobial effects. IL: Interleukin; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PD-L1: Programmed cell death protein ligand 1; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; CRP: C-reactive protein; MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor; MMP: Matrix metalloprotease; TLR: Toll-like receptor; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase; NK: Natural killer; AEC: Alveolar epithelial cell.

Figure 2 The geographical location and distribution of the clinical trials in pulmonary diseases.

Figure 3 Characteristics of clinical trials involving umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy for pulmonary diseases. A: Masking of clinical trials; B: Allocation of clinical trials; C: Intervention model of clinical trials; D: Status of clinical trials; E: Phase of clinical trials. N/A: Not available.