• Alfa
• Beta
• COVID-19
• Delta
• SARS-CoV-2
• dysgeusia

• Humans
• COVID-19/complications
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• COVID-19/virology
• Romania/epidemiology
• Female
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• SARS-CoV-2
• Dysgeusia/epidemiology
• Dysgeusia/virology
• Dysgeusia/etiology
• Aged
• Hospitalization
• Adult
• Incidence

• COVID-19
• Dietary supplements
• Saliva; taste threshold
• Taste disorders

• Humans
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• Iran/epidemiology
• Female
• Male
• Case-Control Studies
• Young Adult
• Adult
• Pilot Projects
• Taste Perception
• SARS-CoV-2
• Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data
• Taste Disorders/epidemiology
• Taste Disorders/virology

• 12874 The vice-chancellor of Research and Technology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences

• Coronavirus disease 2019
• Molecular mechanism
• Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
• Neuro-immune response

• Humans
• COVID-19
• RNA, Viral
• Neuroinflammatory Diseases
• SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Nervous System Diseases

• COVID-19
• brain cortex
• functional near-infrared spectroscopy
• taste

• Humans
• Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
• COVID-19/complications
• Taste Disorders/etiology
• Citric Acid

• COVID-19
• Hyposmia
• SARS-CoV-2
• anosmia
• olfactory dysfunction

• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Anosmia
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology
• Olfaction Disorders/etiology
• Language
• Patients

• olfaction
• olfactory disorders
• olfactory test
• quality of life

• COVID-19
• health professional
• long COVID
• pathology
• persistent COVID
• post COVID-19
• symptoms

• EXP. No. AP-0184-2021-C2-F2 Progreso y Salud Foundation of the Ministry of Health and Families of the Junta de Andalucía

• COVID-19
• Taste buds
• Taste disorders
• Taste perception
• Taste receptor

• Humans
• COVID-19/complications
• Dysgeusia/etiology
• Dysgeusia/therapy
• Taste Perception
• SARS-CoV-2
• Taste/physiology
• Quality of Life
• Smell
• Olfaction Disorders/complications
• Taste Disorders/therapy
• Taste Disorders/complications

• Humans
• Burning Mouth Syndrome/epidemiology
• Burning Mouth Syndrome/etiology
• Causality
• Mouth Mucosa/pathology
• Neuralgia

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the biggest threats to the world since 2019. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are the main targets for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection for they highly express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease serine 2. In patients suffering from COVID-19, gastrointestinal symptoms have ranged from 12% to 61%. Anorexia, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are considered to be the main gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. It has been reported that the direct damage of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, malnutrition, and intestinal flora disorders are involved in COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, we reviewed and discussed the correlated mechanisms that cause gastrointestinal symptoms in order to help to develop the treatment strategy and build an appropriate guideline for medical workers.

• COVID-19
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2
• Transmembrane protease serine 2
• Gastrointestinal symptom
• Mechanism
• Intestinal barrier permeability

• Humans
• COVID-19/complications
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/virology
• Vomiting/therapy
• Vomiting/virology

Post-COVID syndrome can be defined as symptoms of COVID-19 that persist for longer than 12 weeks, with several studies reporting persistent symptoms relating to the sensory organs (eyes, ears, and nose). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the prevalence of persistent anosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and hypogeusia, as well as eye/vision and ear/hearing related long-COVID symptoms. Authors searched the electronic databases from inception to November 2021. Search terms included words related to long-COVID, smell, taste, eyes/vision, and ears/hearing, with all observational study designs being included. A random effects meta-analysis was undertaken, calculating the prevalence proportions of anosmia, hyposmia, ageusia, and hypogeusia, respectively. From the initial pool, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria (total n 4,707; median n per study 125; median age = 49.8; median percentage female = 59.2%) and 14 were included in the meta-analysis The prevalence of anosmia was 12.2% (95% CI 7.7–16.6%), hyposmia 29.9% (95% CI 19.9–40%), ageusia 11.7% (95% CI 6.1–17.3%), and hypogeusia 31.2% (95% 16.4–46.1%). Several eye/vision and ear/hearing symptoms were also reported. Considering that changes in the sensory organs are associated with decreases in quality of life, future research should examine the etiology behind the persistent symptoms.

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which is present in mouthwash, is effective against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. This study was conducted to explore the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2. There are few reports on the effect of CPC against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 at low concentrations such as 0.001%–0.005% (10–50 µg/mL). Interestingly, we found that low concentrations of CPC suppressed the infectivity of human isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) even in saliva. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CPC shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects without disrupting the virus envelope, using sucrose density analysis and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence that CPC may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection even at lower concentrations.

• SARS-CoV-2
• hypersensitivity
• salty
• taste-impaired

• Ageusia/epidemiology
• Ageusia/etiology
• COVID-19/complications
• Dysgeusia/complications
• Dysgeusia/etiology
• Humans
• Retrospective Studies
• SARS-CoV-2
• Taste
• Taste Disorders/diagnosis
• Taste Disorders/epidemiology
• Taste Disorders/etiology

SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a virus that primarily results in mild or asymptomatic disease, making its transmission more challenging to control. In addition to the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 also infects the digestive tract. Some gastrointestinal symptoms occur with or before respiratory symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Respiratory infections are known to cause intestinal immune impairment and gastrointestinal symptoms. When the intestine is inflamed, cytokines affect the lung immune response and inflammation through blood circulation. The gastrointestinal microbiome may be a modifiable factor in determining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. The development of oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates and the maintenance of gut microbiota profiles may contribute to the early control of COVID-19 outbreaks. To this end, this review summarizes information on the gastrointestinal complications caused by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 infection, the gastrointestinal–lung axis immune response, potential control strategies for oral vaccine candidates and maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis.

• Ageusia
• Anosmia
• Coronavirus
• Covid-19
• Dysgeusia

• COVID-19
• Hospitalization
• Humans
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects
• SARS-CoV-2

Introduction: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing dramatic morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) has been strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality in multiple diseases.

Objective: To assess if elevated RDW is associated with unfavorable outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19.

Methods: We retrospectively studied clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients for their RDW values. In-hospital mortality was defined as primary outcome, while septic shock, need for mechanical ventilation, and length of stay (LOS) were secondary outcomes.

Results: A total of 294 COVID-19 patients were finally studied. Overall prevalence of increased RDW was 49.7% (146/294). RDW was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (aOR, 4.6; 95%CI, 1.5-14.6) and septic shock (aOR, 4.6; 95%CI, 1.4-15.1) after adjusting for anemia, ferritin, lactate, and absolute lymphocyte count. The association remained unchanged even after adjusting for other clinical confounders such as age, sex, body mass index, coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. No association was found instead with mechanical ventilation and median LOS.

Conclusion: Elevated RDW in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality and septic shock.

• COVID-19
• Red cell distribution width (RDW)
• SARS-CoV-2
• length of stay
• mortality
• septic shock

Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus infectious disease associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome. More and more patients are being cured due to the development of clinical guidelines for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. However, the long-term impact of COVID-19 on patients after recovery is unclear. Currently available reports have shown that patients recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience health problems in respiratory and other organ systems. Oral problem is one of the important complications which has serious impacts on the rehabilitation and future quality of life, such as ageusia and macroglossia, but the oral complication is often being neglected.

Aim of Review: From the perspective of stomatology, we summarized and elaborated in detail the types, pathogenesis of oral complications from COVID-19 patients after rehabilitation, and the reported prevention or treatment recommendations which may improve the COVID-19 patients associated oral diseases.

Key Scientific Concepts of Review: 1) To understand the common oral complications and the mechanisms of the development of oral complications after the COVID-19 recovery; 2) To summary the practical strategies to prevent the oral complications and construct the rehabilitation plans for patients with oral complications.

• COVID-19
• complications
• recovery
• stomatology
• susceptibility

• ACE2
• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• TMPRSS2
• oral manifestation

• COVID-19
• SARS-COV-2
• antiviral drugs
• immunomodulation
• nanotechnology
• vaccines

• Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
• Communicable Disease Control
• Humans
• Nanotechnology
• Pandemics/prevention & control
• RNA, Viral
• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• gastrointestinal manifestation
• mechanism
• systemic inflammatory injury

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• influenza
• out-patient paediatrics
• respiratory tract infection

• COVID-19
• Child
• Female
• Fever
• Humans
• Infant
• Primary Health Care
• RNA, Viral
• SARS-CoV-2

• Roche Diagnostics
• Roche Diagnostics

• Anosmia
• COVID-19
• Dysgeusia
• Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
• Humans
• Olfaction Disorders
• SARS-CoV-2

Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus.

The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes.

The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection.

Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders.

Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.

• COVID-19
• Dysgeusia
• burning mouth syndrome
• drug-induced
• gustation
• infections
• newer tastes
• taste disorders
• taste receptors
• virus

• COVID-19/complications
• COVID-19/diagnosis
• Dysgeusia/diagnosis
• Dysgeusia/etiology
• Humans
• Pandemics
• SARS-CoV-2
• Smell

• COVID-19
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
• Nutrition
• Nutritional approach

We conducted an integrative review on oral manifestations in patients with COVID‐19 based on the current available literature evidence. A bibliographic search was carried out on March 11, 2021, among published studies in the years 2019–2021 in the PubMed database and based on the search strategy (“COVID‐19” AND “oral lesions” OR “oral mucositis” OR “oral manifestation”). After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles were considered suitable for this review. A total of 110 cases of patients with COVID‐19 who had oral manifestations were reported. The presence of ulcerated lesions was the most common finding, having a herpetiform and aphthous clinical pattern observed in most cases. Macules, petechiae, hemorrhagic blisters, pustular enanthem, mucositis, and halitosis were also among the most frequently described oral manifestations. The tongue was the most commonly affected site, followed by the palate and lip. Most of the reported cases were diagnosed only by the clinical aspect of the lesion associated with a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test or the presence of other COVID‐19 symptoms. Current scientific evidence still could not affirm that most of the oral lesions observed in patients with COVID‐19 are related to the virus's direct or indirect action on the oral mucosa. To confirm this association, prospective and longitudinal studies are further needed, together with a larger number of patients, complemented by histopathological examination of these lesions. Additionally, molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, may be necessary to perform the differential diagnosis with other oral lesions.

• COVID-19
• Corona virus disease 2019
• Neurological manifestations
• Neurology
• Systematic review

Zinc supplementation is indicated for diarrhea and taste disorders, which are both features of COVID-19. Nevertheless, this strategy has not been tested for the treatment of these secondary complications in the current pandemic. Through an updated review, a practical appraisal was considered as a means of providing a medical nexus of therapeutic zinc regimens as an adjunct in the management of COVID-19–related diarrhea and ageusia/dysgeusia. While diarrhea and taste disorders are consequences of COVID-19, zinc supplementation is useful for non–COVID-19 patients with these clinical problems. The overwhelming evidence for supplementing with zinc in diarrhea and pneumonia is associated with the treatment of children, while for taste disorders the use of supplementing with zinc is more examined in adults. Whereas COVID-19 is more prevalent in adults, precautions should be exercised not to translate the zinc dosage used for children with diarrhea and taste disorders into the current pandemic. Therapeutic doses of zinc used for adults (∼50–150 mg/day of elemental zinc) could be included in the treatment strategies for COVID-19, but this proposal should be examined through randomized studies.

• COVID-19
• clinical nutrition
• hypozincemia
• intensive care
• zinc

• Adult
• Ageusia/complications
• Ageusia/drug therapy
• Child
• Diarrhea/drug therapy
• Dietary Supplements
• Dysgeusia/drug therapy
• Dysgeusia/etiology
• Humans
• Taste Disorders/complications
• Taste Disorders/drug therapy
• Zinc/therapeutic use
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment

• Ageusia
• Anosmia
• COVID-19
• Chemosensory
• Coronavirus
• SARS-CoV-2
• Smell
• Taste

• COVID-19
• ageusia
• dysgeusia
• gustatory alteration
• taste

Early detection of COVID-19 is important for reduction in the spread of the disease and gustatory disturbances (GD) are known to have a strong predictive value. In the present study, we aimed to map the geographical differences in the prevalence of GD in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of COVID-19 in order to improve case identification and to facilitate prioritization. We undertook a rapid scoping review of articles published in the repository of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed) and medRxiv from their inception until 3^rd September, 2020. The minimum requirements for completing a restricted systematic review were fulfilled. Of the 431 articles retrieved, 61 studies (28,374 cases confirmed with COVID-19) from 20 countries were included in the analysis. GD were most prevalent in the Americas [66.78%, 95% CI 54.77–78.79%] compared to Europe [57.18%, 95% CI 52.35–62.01%], the Middle East [38.83%, 95% CI 27.47–50.19%] and East Asia [13.1%, 95% CI 0.14–26.06%]. No differences of GD prevalence were evident between February and August 2020. The data demonstrate that there is a marked geographical distribution of GD in COVID-19 patients which, possibly, might be explained by differences in diagnostic criteria for COVID-19 case definition during the early phase of the pandemic.

• COVID-19
• Dysgeusia
• Oral diseases
• SARS-CoV-2
• Taste

• COVID-19
• coronavirus
• gustatory
• meta-analysis
• taste

• COVID-19/complications
• Humans
• Prevalence
• Taste Disorders/epidemiology
• Taste Disorders/etiology

• COVID-19
• Endoscopy
• Gastroenterology
• Hepatology
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• SARS-CoV-2

Intensive care units (ICU) around the world are overburdened with COVID-19 patients with ventilator-dependent chronic respiratory failure (VDRF). Gastroenterology evaluations are being made to address the provision of chronic enteral feeding with the help of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placements in these patients. The placement of the PEG tube along with tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 and prolonged VDRF may expedite discharge planning and increase the availability of ICU beds for other patients. Herein, we describe a multidisciplinary approach of PEG tube placements for patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced chronic VDRF for continued enteral feeding to avoid complications and decrease the length of stay.

• COVID-19
• PEG tube
• SARS-CoV-2
• coronavirus
• coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
• endoscopy
• enteral feeding

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The severity of the disease can range from an asymptomatic or mild course to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with respiratory failure, which may lead to death. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, scientists around the world have been studying the genome and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection to develop effective therapies and prevention. In this review, we summarize the progressive development of various treatments and vaccines as they have emerged, a year after the outbreak of the pandemic. Initially for COVID-19, patients were recommended drugs with presumed antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that were previously used to treat other diseases. Thereafter, therapeutic interventions were supplemented with promising approaches based on antibodies, peptides, and stem cells. However, licensed COVID-19 vaccines remain the most effective weapon in combating the pandemic. While there is an enormous effort to enhance the vaccination rate to increase the entire population immunity, the production and delivery of vaccines is becoming limited in several countries. In this regard, there are new challenges needing to be addressed by combining non-pharmacological intervention with effective therapies until vaccination is accessible to all.

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• antibodies
• cytokine storm
• therapy
• vaccines

• Bayesian inference
• Correction
• False negative
• False positive
• RT-PCR
• SARS-CoV-2

• ageusia
• anosmia
• coronavirus infections
• hyposmia
• olfaction disorders

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• gustatory dysfunction
• mucosal lesion
• oral symptom
• pathogenic mechanism
• prevalence
• xerostomia

• 20K10152 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

COVD-19 disease is characteristically respiratory in nature; however, some patients have gastrointestinal symptoms. These include changes in taste, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. A report has been published of a young patient who repeatedly tested positive in stool samples while nasopharyngeal tests remained negative. This raises doubts about our understanding of the dynamics of COVID-19 disease. The current report describes a need for selective stool testing to explore fecal shedding of viral RNA and presents a hypothesis for direct infection of enterocytes in cases of hypochlorhydria.

• Asymptomatic transmission
• Fecal-oral transmission
• Proton pump inhibitors

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with higher mortality in older adults. This condition is spread person-to-person through close contact, and among policies employed to decrease transmission are the improvement of hygiene habits and physical distancing. Although social distancing has been recognized as the best way to prevent the transmission, there are concerns that it may promote increased depression symptoms risk and anxiety, mainly in older adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to verify self-concept of social distancing in adults compared to older adults. All participants, over 18 years and residents of São Paulo state (Brazil), were invited to join this research study by a message application and answered an interdisciplinary questionnaire during the period from May 23 to June 23, 2020. The questions were divided into the following aspects: sociodemographic data, financial conditions, routine-related perception, perception of health, physical and emotional state, and eating habits. The younger adult group was composed of 139 participants, with a mean age of 43.15 years (±10.92), and the older adult group was composed of 437 participants with a mean age of 67.59 years (±6.13) of both sex. Changes in routine during the period of social distance were reported by 95% of adults and 96.8% of older adults, but adults indicated more significant alterations in routine. Although there was no difference between groups for several aspects, adults revealed greater alterations in sleep quality, evacuation frequency, and more difficulty to perform daily activities at home. Further studies are necessary to follow up the impacts of social distancing among adults and older adults in different socioeconomic contexts to better understand the long-term alterations and the necessity of interventions.

• COVID-19
• adults
• aged
• perception
• social distance

• COVID-19
• Clinical Outcome
• Hyperlipasemia
• Lipase
• Pancreatitis
• SARS-CoV-2
• Severity

• Biomarkers/blood
• COVID-19/diagnosis
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• Clinical Enzyme Tests
• Humans
• Lipase/blood
• Pancreatic Diseases/blood
• Pancreatic Diseases/diagnosis
• Pancreatic Diseases/epidemiology
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Prevalence
• Prognosis
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Severity of Illness Index
• Up-Regulation

• COVID-19
• Coronavirus
• Loss of smell
• Olfactory dysfunction
• SARS-CoV-2

• Anosmia/diagnosis
• Anosmia/epidemiology
• COVID-19/diagnosis
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• Humans
• Smell/physiology

• COVID-19
• Natural history
• Pandemic
• Prevention
• SARS-COV-2
• Systematic reviews
• Treatment

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• novel coronavirus
• oral health
• oral lesions
• oral mucosa
• viral infection

• COVID-19
• Coronavirus
• Gastroenterology
• Hepatology
• IBD
• Pandemic
• SARS-CoV-2
• Telehealth
• Telemedicine

• COVID-19
• coronavirus
• dysbiosis
• gut microbiota
• metabolic disorders
• nutrition
• severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

• Animals
• COVID-19/complications
• COVID-19/epidemiology
• COVID-19/microbiology
• COVID-19/transmission
• Comorbidity
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
• Disease Reservoirs/virology
• Dysbiosis/etiology
• Enterocytes/pathology
• Enterocytes/virology
• Feces/microbiology
• Feces/virology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/microbiology
• Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
• Metabolic Syndrome/microbiology
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/microbiology
• Pandemics
• Risk Factors
• SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
• SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
• SARS-CoV-2/physiology